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Adding Popper's view
|isbn=978-0-7459-5371-7
|isbn=978-0-7459-5371-7
|quote=}}</ref>
|quote=}}</ref>
== The Essential Incompleteness of All Science ==
In [Karl Popper|Popper's] view the attempts at methodological reduction are fruitful, however there are still residues or vicious circles that have prevented full scientific reductions to be accomplished.<ref name="CriticalAppraisals">{{cite book
|author=Philip Catton
|title=Karl Popper: Critical Appraisals
|chapter=
|publisher=Routledge
|location=New York
|year=2004
|pages=235
|page=106
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=CpCL3qNlAgEC&pg=PA106&dq=Scientific+Reduction+and+the+Essential+Incompleteness+of+All+Science+Popper&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WpLXT-q0Jqfb4QTe1aCNAw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Scientific%20Reduction%20and%20the%20Essential%20Incompleteness%20of%20All%20Science%20Popper&f=false
|quote=}}</ref> As an example he is pointing at the origin of life and of the genetic code and suggests that we may be faced with the possibility that the origin of life (like [Singularity|the origin of physics]) becomes an impenetrable barrier to science, and a residue to all attempts to reduce biology to chemistry and physics.<ref name="Incompleteness">{{cite book
|author=Karl R. Popper
|title=Scientific Reduction and the Essential Incompleteness of All Science. Quoted in Ayala, F. and Dobzhansky, T., eds., Studies in the Philosophy of Biology, University of California Press, Berkeley, p. 270
|chapter=
|publisher=
|location=
|year=1974
|pages=
|url= http://books.google.no/books?id=NMAf65cDmAQC&pg=PA227&dq=Ayala,+F.+and+Dobzhansky,+T.+Studies+in+the+Philosophy+of+Biology,&hl=en&sa=X&ei=To7XT-i1G4324QTenJSXAw&sqi=2&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=disturbing%20riddle&f=false
|isbn=
|quote=What makes the origin of life and of the genetic code a disturbing riddle is this: the genetic code is without any biological function unless it is translated; that is, unless it leads to the synthesis of the proteins whose structure is laid down by the code. But … the machinery by which the cell (at least the non-primitive cell, which is the only one we know) translates the code consists of at least fifty macromolecular components which are themselves coded in the DNA. Thus the code can not be translated except by using certain products of its translation. This constitutes a baffling circle; a really vicious circle, it seems, for any attempt to form a model or theory of the genesis of the genetic code. Thus we may be faced with the possibility that the origin of life (like the origin of physics) becomes an impenetrable barrier to science, and a residue to all attempts to reduce biology to chemistry and physics.}}</ref>
== Epistemological reductionism ==
== Epistemological reductionism ==
== Ontological reductionism ==
== Ontological reductionism ==
'''[[Ontology|Ontological]] reductionism''' is associated with perception that the [[universe]] is nothing but a collection of [[atom]]s in motion, human beings are simply machines for propagating [[DNA]] which is self-sustaining process, the sense of personal identity, [[free will]], and concept of beauty are in fact no more than the behavior of a vast assembly of [[Neuron|nerve cells]] and their associated [[molecules]]; and there is no ultimate purpose in the universe.<ref name="LENNOX"/> All human mental experiences such as hopes, fears, loves and beliefs are deemed as reduced to accidental atomic interactions.<ref name="WhomadeGod"/>
'''[[Ontology|Ontological]] reductionism''' is associated with perception that the [[universe]] is nothing but a collection of [[atom]]s in motion, human beings are simply machines for propagating [[DNA]] which is self-sustaining process, the sense of personal identity, [[free will]], and concept of beauty are in fact no more than the behavior of a vast assembly of [[Neuron|nerve cells]] and their associated [[molecules]]; and there is no ultimate purpose in the universe.<ref name="LENNOX"/> All human mental experiences such as hopes, fears, loves and beliefs are deemed as reduced to accidental atomic interactions.<ref name="WhomadeGod"/>
== References ==
== References ==