Two kingdoms doctrine
From Conservapedia
The Two kingdoms doctrine is a Lutheran teaching. God rules the entire world, but he does this in two ways: temporal and spiritual. The two kingdoms bear a resemblance to certain features from Saint Augustine of Hippo, who distinguished between the City of God and the Earthly city, a city of man.[1]
In addition to Martin Luther, two prominent advocates for the doctrine are John Calvin and John Locke.[2]