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'''Philip II''' (1527-1598), King of [[Spain]] and (as Philip I) of [[Portugal]] (1580-1598), only son of [[Charles V of Spain|Emperor Charles V]] and Isabel of Portugal.  He was head of the [[Hapsburg]] family.  As the most powerful king in [[Europe]] he tried to make all Spanish territories strictly [[Catholic]]--including [[The Netherlands]].  He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, and his mighty [[Spanish Armada|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.

'''Philip II''' (1527-1598), King of [[Spain]] and (as Philip I) of [[Portugal]] (1580-1598), only son of [[Charles V of Spain|Emperor Charles V]] and Isabel of Portugal.  He was head of the [[Hapsburg]] family.  As the most powerful king in [[Europe]] he tried to make all Spanish territories strictly [[Catholic]]—including [[The Netherlands]].  He viewed [[Elizabeth I]] of [[England]] as his main rival, and his mighty [[Spanish Armada|armada]] was defeated by Elizabeth's fleet.

==Life==

==Life==

==King of Portugal==

==King of Portugal==

In 1581, Philip claimed the vacant throne of Portugal, leading to almost sixty years of Hapsburg family rule in Portugal until the revolution of 1640. For most of the period of Hapsburg control, kings followed a policy of fiscal conservatism made possible by the growth of the Atlantic economy - sugar plantations manned by African slaves in [[Brazil]] - which expanded the economic base. The growth in revenues from Brazil helped to ease the constant drain on Portuguese resources for Spain's many military involvements, including the Armada. Portugal also required money to build its coastal defenses, to meet threats in the Indian Ocean, and to compensate for the loss of the near monopoly of the pepper trade. However, over time, expenditures generally continued to outpace revenues. By 1630 the king had begun to tax the previously privileged classes of the nobility and clergy.<ref> Peter Thomas Rooney, "Habsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal 1580-1640". ''Journal of European Economic History'' 1994 23(3): 545-562. </ref>  

In 1581, Philip claimed the vacant throne of Portugal, leading to almost sixty years of Hapsburg family rule in Portugal until the revolution of 1640. For most of the period of Hapsburg control, kings followed a policy of fiscal conservatism made possible by the growth of the Atlantic economy - sugar plantations manned by African slaves in [[Brazil]] - which expanded the economic base. The growth in revenues from Brazil helped to ease the constant drain on Portuguese resources for Spain's many military involvements, including the Armada. Portugal also required money to build its coastal defenses, to meet threats in the Indian Ocean, and to compensate for the loss of the near monopoly of the pepper trade. However, over time, expenditures generally continued to outpace revenues. By 1630 the king had begun to tax the previously privileged classes of the nobility and clergy.<ref>Peter Thomas Rooney, "Habsburg Fiscal Policies in Portugal 1580-1640". ''Journal of European Economic History'' 1994 23(3): 545-562.</ref>  

==Personality==

==Personality==

Philip supported the activities of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in his efforts to extend the Catholic faith. His self-discipline was remarkably displayed in the stern treatment which led to the death of his unbalanced older son, Don Carlos, and in his calm endurance of the cancer which caused his death. He died in the Escorial, the palace he had built near Madrid, Sept. 13, 1598, and was succeeded by Philip III of Spain (Philip II of Portugal), his son by his fourth wife, Anna.

Philip supported the activities of the [[Spanish Inquisition]] in his efforts to extend the Catholic faith. His self-discipline was remarkably displayed in the stern treatment which led to the death of his unbalanced older son, Don Carlos, and in his calm endurance of the cancer which caused his death. He died in the Escorial, the palace he had built near Madrid, Sept. 13, 1598, and was succeeded by Philip III of Spain (Philip II of Portugal), his son by his fourth wife, Anna.

* Wilkinson-Zerner, Catherine. ''Juan de Herrera: Architect to Philip II of Spain.'' (1993). 216 pp.

* Wilkinson-Zerner, Catherine. ''Juan de Herrera: Architect to Philip II of Spain.'' (1993). 216 pp.

* Wright, A. D. ''Catholicism and Spanish Society under the Reign of Philip II, 1555-1598, and Philip III, 1598-1621.'' (1991). 276 pp.

* Wright, A. D. ''Catholicism and Spanish Society under the Reign of Philip II, 1555-1598, and Philip III, 1598-1621.'' (1991). 276 pp.

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