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'''Canadian railways''' tie [[Canada]] together through a large and well developed [[railway]] system that today primarily transports freight. The railways have great political and symbolic significance in uniting the far-flung provinces.
'''Canadian railways''' tie [[Canada]] together through a large and well developed [[railway]] system that today primarily transports freight. The railways have great political and symbolic significance in uniting the far-flung provinces.
==System in 21st century==
==System in 21st century==
There are two major privately owned transcontinental freight railway systems, the [[Canadian National Railway|Canadian National]] and [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]. Nation-wide passenger services are provided by the federal crown corporation VIA Rail. Commuter trains serve Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Smaller railways such as Ontario Northland and Algoma Central also run passenger trains to remote rural areas.
There are two major privately owned transcontinental freight railway systems, the [[Canadian National Railway|Canadian National]] and [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]. Nationwide passenger services are provided by the federal crown corporation VIA Rail. Commuter trains serve Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver. Smaller railways such as Ontario Northland and Algoma Central also run passenger trains to remote rural areas.
Canada has 49,422 km total trackage, of which only 129 km is electrified. Canada uses standard gauge track, except for small narrow gauge lines isolated from the main North American rail network used in mining or forestry, and the broad-gauge streetcar and subway lines of Toronto.
Canada has 49,422 km total trackage, of which only 129 km is electrified. Canada uses standard gauge track, except for small narrow gauge lines isolated from the main North American rail network used in mining or forestry, and the broad-gauge streetcar and subway lines of Toronto.
* Gibbon, John Murray. ''Steel of Empire: The Romantic History of the Canadian Pacific'' (1936)
* Gibbon, John Murray. ''Steel of Empire: The Romantic History of the Canadian Pacific'' (1936)
* Heaver, T.D. and James C. Nelson, "Railway Pricing Under Commercial Freedom: The Canadian Experiencem" ''Journal of Economic Literature'' Vol. 16, No. 3 (Sep., 1978), pp. 1061–1062 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28197809%2916%3A3%3C1061%3ARPUCFT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P in JSTOR]
* Heaver, T.D. and James C. Nelson, "Railway Pricing Under Commercial Freedom: The Canadian Experiencem" ''Journal of Economic Literature'' Vol. 16, No. 3 (Sep., 1978), pp. 1061–1062 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0515%28197809%2916%3A3%3C1061%3ARPUCFT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-P in JSTOR]
* Hertel; D. W. ''History of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees: Its Birth and Growth, 1887-1955.'' 1955 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/history-of-the-brotherhood-of-maintenance-of-way-employees-its-birth-and-growth-1887-1955-by-d-w-hertel.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
* Hertel; D. W. ''History of the Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Employees: Its Birth and Growth, 1887-1955.'' 1955 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/history-of-the-brotherhood-of-maintenance-of-way-employees-its-birth-and-growth-1887-1955-by-d-w-hertel.jsp online edition from Questia]
* Hofsommer, Don L. ''Grand Trunk Corporation: Canadian National Railways in the United States, 1971-1992.'' 1995. 227 pp.
* Hofsommer, Don L. ''Grand Trunk Corporation: Canadian National Railways in the United States, 1971-1992.'' 1995. 227 pp.
* Jackman, W. T. "Appraisal of Government Ownership and Operation of Railways in Canada," ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' Vol. 201, (Jan., 1939), pp. 175–184 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7162%28193901%29201%3C175%3AAOGOAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O in JSTOR]
* Jackman, W. T. "Appraisal of Government Ownership and Operation of Railways in Canada," ''Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science'' Vol. 201, (Jan., 1939), pp. 175–184 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-7162%28193901%29201%3C175%3AAOGOAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O in JSTOR]
* Kaye, Lamb W. ''History of the Canadian Pacific Railway''. (1977).
* Kaye, Lamb W. ''History of the Canadian Pacific Railway''. (1977).
* Leonard, Frank. ''A Thousand Blunders: The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and Northern British Columbia'' University of British Columbia Press, 1996 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/a-thousand-blunders-the-grand-trunk-pacific-railway-and-northern-british-columbia-by-frank-leonard.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
* Leonard, Frank. ''A Thousand Blunders: The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway and Northern British Columbia'' University of British Columbia Press, 1996 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/a-thousand-blunders-the-grand-trunk-pacific-railway-and-northern-british-columbia-by-frank-leonard.jsp online edition from Questia]
* Lewis, Frank D. and David R. Robinson. "The Timing of Railway Construction on the Canadian Prairies," ''The Canadian Journal of Economics'' Vol. 17, No. 2 (May, 1984), pp. 340–352 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0008-4085%28198405%2917%3A2%3C340%3ATTORCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* Lewis, Frank D. and David R. Robinson. "The Timing of Railway Construction on the Canadian Prairies," ''The Canadian Journal of Economics'' Vol. 17, No. 2 (May, 1984), pp. 340–352 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0008-4085%28198405%2917%3A2%3C340%3ATTORCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-D in JSTOR]
* McLean, Simon J. "Canadian Railways and the Bonding Question," ''The Journal of Political Economy'' Vol. 7, No. 4 (Sep., 1899), pp. 500–542 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28189909%297%3A4%3C500%3ACRATBQ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S in JSTOR]
* McLean, Simon J. "Canadian Railways and the Bonding Question," ''The Journal of Political Economy'' Vol. 7, No. 4 (Sep., 1899), pp. 500–542 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-3808%28189909%297%3A4%3C500%3ACRATBQ%3E2.0.CO%3B2-S in JSTOR]
* Stevens, G. ''History of the Canadian National Railways'' Macmillan Company 1973
* Stevens, G. ''History of the Canadian National Railways'' Macmillan Company 1973
* Underwood, Jay. ''Built for War: Canada's Intercolonial Railway,'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Built-War-Canadas-Intercolonial-Railway/dp/189719000X/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1200276105&sr=1-9 excerpt and text search]
* Underwood, Jay. ''Built for War: Canada's Intercolonial Railway,'' (2006) [http://www.amazon.com/Built-War-Canadas-Intercolonial-Railway/dp/189719000X/ref=sr_1_9?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1200276105&sr=1-9 excerpt and text search]
* Weaver, R. Kent. ''The Politics of Industrial Change: Railway Policy in North America'' (1985) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-politics-of-industrial-change-railway-policy-in-north-america-by-r-kent-weaver.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
* Weaver, R. Kent. ''The Politics of Industrial Change: Railway Policy in North America'' (1985) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-politics-of-industrial-change-railway-policy-in-north-america-by-r-kent-weaver.jsp online edition from Questia]
* Wilgus, William J. ''The Railway Interrelations of the United States and Canada'' (1937)
* Wilgus, William J. ''The Railway Interrelations of the United States and Canada'' (1937)
* Willson, Beckles. ''The Life of Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal'' 1915. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-life-of-lord-strathcona-and-mount-royal-gcmg-gcv0-by-beckles-willson.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
* Willson, Beckles. ''The Life of Lord Strathcona and Mount Royal'' 1915. [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-life-of-lord-strathcona-and-mount-royal-gcmg-gcv0-by-beckles-willson.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
* Fleming, Sandford. ''Report on the Intercolonial Railway Exploratory Survey'' (1865) 101 pp [http://books.google.com/books?id=7qq2qHvp0NkC&dq=intitle:canadian+intitle:railway&lr=&num=30&as_brr=1&ei=qOWKR8umBIjuswOcoKDQBQ complete text online]
* Fleming, Sandford. ''Report on the Intercolonial Railway Exploratory Survey'' (1865) 101 pp [http://books.google.com/books?id=7qq2qHvp0NkC&dq=intitle:canadian+intitle:railway&lr=&num=30&as_brr=1&ei=qOWKR8umBIjuswOcoKDQBQ complete text online]
* Fleming, Sandford. ''Report on Surveys and Preliminary Operations on the Canadian Pacific Railway'' (1877) 431 pages; [http://books.google.com/books?id=_60NAAAAQAAJ&dq=intitle:canadian+intitle:railway&lr=&num=30&as_brr=1&ei=qOWKR8umBIjuswOcoKDQBQ complete text online]
* Fleming, Sandford. ''Report on Surveys and Preliminary Operations on the Canadian Pacific Railway'' (1877) 431 pages; [http://books.google.com/books?id=_60NAAAAQAAJ&dq=intitle:canadian+intitle:railway&lr=&num=30&as_brr=1&ei=qOWKR8umBIjuswOcoKDQBQ complete text online]
* Innis, Harold. A., and A. R. M. Lower; ''Select Documents in Canadian Economic History, 1783-1885'' University of Toronto Press, 1933 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/select-documents-in-canadian-economic-history-1783-1885-by-h-a-innis-a-r-m-lower.jsp online edition from [[Questia]]]
* Innis, Harold. A., and A. R. M. Lower; ''Select Documents in Canadian Economic History, 1783-1885'' University of Toronto Press, 1933 [http://www.questia.com/library/book/select-documents-in-canadian-economic-history-1783-1885-by-h-a-innis-a-r-m-lower.jsp online edition from Questia]
==External links==
==External links==