Chinese zodiac

This entry makes use of Japanese characters and will require Japanese language support to be installed on your computer in order to avoid the characters being replaced by question marks, or blanked out.

The Chinese Zodiac (干支 Japanese: Kanshi or Eto; Chinese: Ganzhi) is a cyclical system used to count days and years in the Chinese calendar. The zodiac is combined of two elements, namely the twelve signs of the zodiac (地支) (also called the "Twelve Earthly Branches") and the Ten "Heavenly Stems" (天干). These are combined to create an endlessly repeating sexagenary (60-year) cycle.

Whereas most people are probably familiar with the names of the zodiac, each of which is named after an animal (rat, monkey, etc.), few outside of China or Japan will be aware of the associated stem. The combination of the two will relate to a specific year within the 60-year cycle.

Thus, whereas the zodiacal year repeats every 12 years, so for example the Year of the Rat would be 1972, 1984, 1996, and so forth, the year of ko-ne (1st sign of the calendar and 1st sign of the zodiac) will only fall on the years 1924, 1984, 2044 and so on.

Other uses

The Zodiac was not only used to mark the year, but also time, day of the month and even direction.

With regards to time, the day starts at midnight, which is designated ne (rat, the first sign of the zodiac) and progress to each subsequent sign every two hours. Thus, 2pm would be the "Hour of the Horse".

Days of the month would also cycle through the 12 signs, a tradition which still holds in many shrines and temples to this day. For example, Inari shrines (稲荷, dedicated to the fox deity of harvests) would hold their annual festival on the first Horse Day of February and Benten shrines (弁天, the goddess of Arts and Wisdom) hold theirs on the first Snake Day of February.

The same principle applies to direction, with ne pointing due north, and each subsequent sign being assigned to the next 30 degree arc.

Superstition

Certain years within the zodiac are better than others - a belief that persists to this day. A good example of this was the year 1966, designated as hinoe-uma (the Year of the Fire Horse). It is believed that women born during this year have a fiery temperament and could end up killing their husbands. This belief seems to be borne supported by the statistics - only 1.3 millions births in that year, compared to 1.8 million in 1965 and 1967.

The signs of the Zodiac and Calendar

The twelve animal signs of the Zodiac are:

Sign	Kanji	Pinyin	On-Reading	Kun-reading
Rat	子	zĭ	shi	ne
Ox	丑	chŏu	chū	ushi
Tiger	寅	yín	in	tora
Rabbit	卯	măo	bou	u
Dragon	辰	chén	shin	tatsu
Snake (or Serpent)	巳	sì	shi	mi
Horse	午	wŭ	go	uma
Sheep	未	wèi	bi	hitsuji
Monkey	申	shēn	shin	saru
Rooster	酉	yŏu	yū	tori
Dog	戌	xū	jutsu	inu
Boar	亥	hài	gai	i

The ten stems of the Calendar are derived from the 5 elements (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water) in their Yin (阴) and Yang (阳) formats. Every year that ends in an even number is a yang year and odd-numbered years are thus yin years. The 60-year cycle always begins with "Yang Wood Rat" and ends with "Yin Water Boar". 2008 would thus be seen as "Yang Earth Rat" (yang bo ne 阳戊子 ) and the author was born in "Yin Water Boar", a very auspicious year, as it signified the end of a 60-year cycle. In addition, as there are an even number of zodiac animals, each can only occur with yin or yang, thus the Year of the Rat would always be a yang year.

Sign	Element	Yin/Yang	Kanji	Pinyin	On-Reading	Kun-reading
First sign	Wood	yang	甲	jiă	koh	kinoe
Second sign	Wood	yin	乙	yĭ	otsu	kinoto
Third sign	Fire	yang	丙	bĭng	hei	hinoe
Fourth sign	Fire	yin	丁	dīng	tei	hinoto
Fifth sign	Earth	yang	戊	wù	bo	tsuchinoe
Sixth sign	Earth	yin	己	jĭ	ki	tsuchinoto
Seventh sign	Metal	yang	庚	gēng	ko	kanoe
Eighth sign	Metal	yin	辛	xīn	shin	kanoto
Ninth sign	Water	yang	壬	rén	jin	mizunoe
Tenth sign	Water	yin	癸	guĭ	ki	mizunoto

The Current 60-Year Cycle from 1984 Onwards

The current 60-year cycle commenced in 1984. Below is the layout of the cycle, from the year 1984 to 2043, when the next cycle will commence.

	Rat	Ox	Tiger	Rabbit	Dragon	Snake	Horse	Sheep	Monkey	Rooster	Dog	Boar
koh	1984		2034		2024		2014		2004		1994
otsu		1985		2035		2025		2015		2005		1995
hei	1996		1986		2036		2026		2016		2006
tei		1997		1987		2037		2027		2017		2007
bo	2008		1998		1988		2038		2028		2018
ki		2009		1999		1989		2039		2029		2019
ko	2020		2010		2000		1990		2040		2030
shin		2021		2011		2001		1991		2041		2031
jin	2032		2022		2012		2002		1992		2042
ki		2033		2023		2013		2003		1993		2043