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|isbn=9-789-02-4936-5
|isbn=9-789-02-4936-5
|quote=Remark on Dark Matter: As is well known much of the support for the existence of the dark matter is due to the observed very high velocities of gas molecules or galaxies.For example galaxies in the far-off Coma-cluster are observed whirling around one another faster than the laws of physics would allow. So is the mysteriously rapid rotation of spiral galaxies. Equation (2.25) clearly shows that the observed velocity by us is not the velocity measured by a local observer at a relative time <math>t</math> with respect to us. He measures a smaller velocity, and the more back in time the more the velocity decreases. Does this mean that the hypothetical dark matter can be abolished as the "luminiferous ether" was proved to be superfluous by special relativity?
|quote=Remark on Dark Matter: As is well known much of the support for the existence of the dark matter is due to the observed very high velocities of gas molecules or galaxies.For example galaxies in the far-off Coma-cluster are observed whirling around one another faster than the laws of physics would allow. So is the mysteriously rapid rotation of spiral galaxies. Equation (2.25) clearly shows that the observed velocity by us is not the velocity measured by a local observer at a relative time <math>t</math> with respect to us. He measures a smaller velocity, and the more back in time the more the velocity decreases. Does this mean that the hypothetical dark matter can be abolished as the "luminiferous ether" was proved to be superfluous by special relativity?
}}</ref> that astronomers infer when the actual mass of any observed celestial object is not sufficient to account for an observed [[Gravitation|gravitational]] effect.{{#tag:ref|cf. "...much of the support for the existence of the dark matter is due to the observed very high velocities of gas molecules or galaxies. For example galaxies in the far-off Coma-cluster are observed whirling around one another faster than the laws of physics would allow. So is the mysteriously rapid rotation of spiral galaxies."<ref name="CSR"/>|group=note}} It is one of two concepts (the other is [[dark energy]]) that [[evolution]]istic astronomers invoke to account for observations that old-[[universe]] cosmologies, including the [[Big Bang]], cannot explain. The term was introduced by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky who hypothesized that it must be the gravity of unseen ''dark matter'' that holds fast moving galaxies together in [[Galaxy cluster|cluster]]s.<ref>{{Cite web
}}</ref> that astronomers infer when the actual mass of any observed celestial object is not sufficient to account for an observed [[gravitation]]al effect.{{#tag:ref|cf. "...much of the support for the existence of the dark matter is due to the observed very high velocities of gas molecules or galaxies. For example galaxies in the far-off Coma-cluster are observed whirling around one another faster than the laws of physics would allow. So is the mysteriously rapid rotation of spiral galaxies."<ref name="CSR"/>|group=note}} It is one of two concepts (the other is [[dark energy]]) that [[evolution]]istic astronomers invoke to account for observations that old-[[universe]] cosmologies, including the [[Big Bang]], cannot explain. The term was introduced by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky who hypothesized that it must be the gravity of unseen ''dark matter'' that holds fast moving galaxies together in [[Galaxy cluster|cluster]]s.<ref>{{Cite web
|author=F. Zwicky
|author=F. Zwicky
|title = Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln
|title = Die Rotverschiebung von extragalaktischen Nebeln
|publisher = Helvetica Physica Acta
|publisher = Helvetica Physica Acta
|volume = 6
|volume = 6
|pages = 110-127
|pages = 110–127
|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933AcHPh...6..110Z
|url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933AcHPh...6..110Z
|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|language=German}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|author=Zeeya Merali
|author=Zeeya Merali
|title=Dark matter’s tendrils revealed: Direct measurement of a dark-matter ‘filament’ confirms its existence in a galaxy supercluster.
|title=Dark matter’s tendrils revealed: Direct measurement of a dark-matter ‘filament’ confirms its existence in a galaxy supercluster.
|date=04 July 2012
|date=4 July 2012
|issue=
|issue=
|publisher= journal Nature
|publisher= journal Nature
|isse=3
|isse=3
|pages=L29 - L33
|pages=L29 - L33
|date=01 April 2008
|date=1 April 2008
|url=http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/aa/full/2008/18/aa09599-08/table1.tex
|url=http://www.aanda.org/index.php?option=com_article&access=standard&Itemid=129&url=/articles/aa/full/2008/18/aa09599-08/table1.tex
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200809599
|doi=10.1051/0004-6361:200809599
== Evolutionistic concept ==
== Evolutionistic concept ==
=== Estimated proportion ===
=== Estimated proportion ===
[[Image:Cosmos percent comp.jpg|200px|right]]The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) team at [[NASA]] has used measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation<ref name=WMAP>Hinshaw GF, and Griswold, B. "[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/index.html WMAP Mission Results]." [[NASA]], April 17, 2008. Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref> to determine that the universe is geometrically flat. According to standard cosmology, the universe should then be at a critical mass density of 9.9 * 10<sup>-27</sup>kg/m³. The actual mass density of the universe is more than twenty times less than that.<ref name=WMAP2>Hinshaw GF, and Griswold B. "[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html WMAP - Content of the universe]." [[NASA]], April 17, 2008. Accessed July 28, 2008.</ref>
[[Image:Cosmos percent comp.jpg|200px|right]]The Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) team at [[NASA]] has used measurements of cosmic microwave background radiation<ref name=WMAP>Hinshaw GF, and Griswold, B. "[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/news/index.html WMAP Mission Results]." [[NASA]], April 17, 2008. Accessed July 26, 2008.</ref> to determine that the universe is geometrically flat. According to standard cosmology, the universe should then be at a critical mass density of 9.9 * 10<sup>−27</sup>kg/m³. The actual mass density of the universe is more than twenty times less than that.<ref name=WMAP2>Hinshaw GF, and Griswold B. "[http://map.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/uni_matter.html WMAP - Content of the universe]." [[NASA]], April 17, 2008. Accessed July 28, 2008.</ref>
Current theory suggests that the familiar baryonic matter (composed of atoms) constitutes only 4.6% of the total mass-energy in the universe. Dark matter constitutes 23% of the total, while [[dark energy]] comprises the remaining 72%.<ref name=WMAP2/>
Current theory suggests that the familiar baryonic matter (composed of atoms) constitutes only 4.6% of the total mass-energy in the universe. Dark matter constitutes 23% of the total, while [[dark energy]] comprises the remaining 72%.<ref name=WMAP2/>
Dark matter filaments on the galactic scale have been directly measured, and are considered to be a major factor in the super-galactic structure of the universe. <ref>http://www.nature.com/news/dark-matter-s-tendrils-revealed-1.10951</ref>
Dark matter filaments on the galactic scale have been directly measured, and are considered to be a major factor in the super-galactic structure of the universe.<ref>http://www.nature.com/news/dark-matter-s-tendrils-revealed-1.10951</ref>
=== Proposed explanations for dark matter ===
=== Proposed explanations for dark matter ===
Evolutionistic astronomers have generally focused on the following explanations for the discrepancy between dynamical and luminous mass:
Evolutionistic astronomers have generally focused on the following explanations for the discrepancy between dynamical and luminous mass:
# Brown dwarf [[star]]s and similarly massive but relatively non-luminous objects. Astronomers have in fact invented a new name for a class of objects that include brown dwarf stars and other massive objects: Massive Compact Halo Objects, or MACHOs.<ref name=Silk/><ref name=Miller/><ref name=WMAP2/><ref name=White>White, Martin. "[http://astro.berkeley.edu/~mwhite/darkmatter/dm.html Dark Matter]." Department of Astronomy, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, ca. 1995. Accessed July 28, 2008.</ref>
# Brown dwarf [[star]]s and similarly massive but relatively non-luminous objects. Astronomers have in fact invented a new name for a class of objects that include brown dwarf stars and other massive objects: Massive Compact Halo Objects, or MACHOs.<ref name=Silk/><ref name=Miller/><ref name=WMAP2/><ref name=White>White, Martin. "[http://astro.berkeley.edu/~mwhite/darkmatter/dm.html Dark Matter]." Department of Astronomy, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California, ca. 1995. Accessed July 28, 2008.</ref>
# Supermassive [[black hole]]s. Astronomers are now attempting to detect these objects by their relativistic effects on light, in which they act as lenses.<ref name=WMAP2/>
# Supermassive [[black hole]]s. Astronomers are now attempting to detect these objects by their relativistic effects on light, in which they act as lenses.<ref name=WMAP2/>
# New, previously unknown forms of matter. Many cosmologists have formed hypotheses that suggest entirely new particles of matter. They call these Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, or WIMPs.<ref name=WMAP2/><ref name=Silk/><ref name=Miller/> Other cosmologists have suggested other types of particles, named ''axions''.<ref name=Hartnett/><ref name=axionnote>The name ''Axion'' is a registered trademark of the Colgate-Palmolive Company ([[USA]]) and was the name of a once-popular brand of laundry detergent used to pre-soak heavily-soiled garments before washing them with a conventional detergent. The astrophysicists who coined this name suggested that axions performed some kind of cosmic cleansing.</ref> The recently sought Higgs boson is another proposed dark-matter elementary particle.
# New, previously unknown forms of matter. Many cosmologists have formed hypotheses that suggest entirely new particles of matter. They call these Weakly Interacting Massive Particles, or WIMPs.<ref name=Silk/><ref name=Miller/><ref name=WMAP2/> Other cosmologists have suggested other types of particles, named ''axions''.<ref name=Hartnett/><ref name=axionnote>The name ''Axion'' is a registered trademark of the Colgate-Palmolive Company ([[USA]]) and was the name of a once-popular brand of laundry detergent used to pre-soak heavily-soiled garments before washing them with a conventional detergent. The astrophysicists who coined this name suggested that axions performed some kind of cosmic cleansing.</ref> The recently sought Higgs boson is another proposed dark-matter elementary particle.
# A new theory of gravity. In 1983, Mordecai Milgrom first suggested that Newtonian dynamics was insufficient to explain the gravitational interactions of massive objects like galaxies and galactic clusters. He therefore suggested a Modified Newtonian Dynamic, or MOND, in which gravitational attraction varied inversely to the first power of the orbital radius, not its square as Newton originally assumed.<ref name=Hartnett/><ref name=Thompson/>
# A new theory of gravity. In 1983, Mordecai Milgrom first suggested that Newtonian dynamics was insufficient to explain the gravitational interactions of massive objects like galaxies and galactic clusters. He therefore suggested a Modified Newtonian Dynamic, or MOND, in which gravitational attraction varied inversely to the first power of the orbital radius, not its square as Newton originally assumed.<ref name=Hartnett/><ref name=Thompson/>
# Neutrinos, which are detected and fall under the category of "warm dark matter" based on their momentum. However, they only account for a small fraction of the dark matter required to explain the structure of galaxies.
# Neutrinos, which are detected and fall under the category of "warm dark matter" based on their momentum. However, they only account for a small fraction of the dark matter required to explain the structure of galaxies.
|date=2006-8-21
|date=2006-8-21
|acessdate=2012-10-14
|acessdate=2012-10-14
|url=http://www.universetoday.com/502/galaxy-collision-separates-out-the-dark-matter/}}</ref> The latest claim published in [[Nature (journal)|journal Nature]] (04 July 2012) is that ''"A ‘finger’ of the Universe’s dark-matter skeleton, which ultimately dictates where galaxies form, has been observed for the first time."'' Despite the bold statement that ''"Researchers have directly detected a slim bridge of dark matter joining two clusters of galaxies"'', the declaration seems self-contradictory as at the same time it has been admitted that the results were obtained by usage of computer simulations and astrophysicists are still faced with necessity to identify what the dark matter is made of. It has been proposed that this mysterious invisible substance that should dominate the space all around us in concentrations six or seven times more than normal matter could be either:
|url=http://www.universetoday.com/502/galaxy-collision-separates-out-the-dark-matter/}}</ref> The latest claim published in [[Nature (journal)|journal Nature]] (4 July 2012) is that ''"A ‘finger’ of the Universe’s dark-matter skeleton, which ultimately dictates where galaxies form, has been observed for the first time."'' Despite the bold statement that ''"Researchers have directly detected a slim bridge of dark matter joining two clusters of galaxies"'', the declaration seems self-contradictory as at the same time it has been admitted that the results were obtained by usage of computer simulations and astrophysicists are still faced with necessity to identify what the dark matter is made of. It has been proposed that this mysterious invisible substance that should dominate the space all around us in concentrations six or seven times more than normal matter could be either:
*a cold (slow-moving) particle or
*a cold (slow-moving) particle or
*a warm (fast-moving) one, like a [[neutrino]].{{#tag:ref|cf."Researchers have directly detected a slim bridge of dark matter joining two clusters of galaxies, using a technique that could eventually help astrophysicists to understand the structure of the Universe and identify what makes up the mysterious invisible substance known as dark matter...Refining the technique could also help to pin down the identity of dark matter — whether it is a cold (slow-moving) particle or a warm (fast-moving) one, like a neutrino — because different particles will clump differently along the filament."<ref name="Nature"/>|group=note}}<ref name="Nature"/>
*a warm (fast-moving) one, like a [[neutrino]].{{#tag:ref|cf."Researchers have directly detected a slim bridge of dark matter joining two clusters of galaxies, using a technique that could eventually help astrophysicists to understand the structure of the Universe and identify what makes up the mysterious invisible substance known as dark matter...Refining the technique could also help to pin down the identity of dark matter — whether it is a cold (slow-moving) particle or a warm (fast-moving) one, like a neutrino — because different particles will clump differently along the filament."<ref name="Nature"/>|group=note}}<ref name="Nature"/>
J.Hartnett concludes that whether or not the dark matter in some form turns out to be real stuff, its ‘existence’ at present appears to be largely based on an underlying motive to keep a belief system that is fundamentally flawed.<ref name="clamour of claims"/>
J.Hartnett concludes that whether or not the dark matter in some form turns out to be real stuff, its ‘existence’ at present appears to be largely based on an underlying motive to keep a belief system that is fundamentally flawed.<ref name="clamour of claims"/>
==See Also:==
==See also==
[[Tully-Fisher relation]]
[[Tully-Fisher relation]]