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==Biography==

==Biography==

Harlan was born in Boyle County, Kentucky in 1833.<ref name="ANB">[John Marshall Harlan http://www.anb.org/articles/11/11-00385.html]. ''American National Biography Online''. Retrieved August 27, 2016.</ref> Harlan was the son of James Harlan, a prominent lawyer and politician who served in a variety of positions<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000210 HARLAN, James, (1800 - 1863)]. ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress''. Retrieved August 27, 2016.</ref> including Congress, Attorney General of Kentucky, and Secretary of State of Kentucky.<ref name="ANB"/> A strong supporter of the [[Whig Party]] and a close friend of [[Henry Clay]], James Harlan named his son after John Marshall, the "Whig party's patron saint [and] the Supreme Court's 'great chief justice'".<ref name="ANB"/>

Harlan was born in Boyle County, Kentucky in 1833.<ref name="ANB">[John Marshall Harlan http://www.anb.org/articles/11/11-00385.html]. ''American National Biography Online''. Retrieved August 27, 2016.</ref> Harlan was the son of James Harlan, a prominent lawyer and politician who served in a variety of positions<ref>[http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=H000210 HARLAN, James, (1800 - 1863)]. ''Biographical Directory of the United States Congress''. Retrieved August 27, 2016.</ref> including Congress, Attorney General of Kentucky, and Secretary of State of Kentucky.<ref name="ANB"/> A strong supporter of the [[Whig Party]] and a close friend of [[Henry Clay]], James Harlan named his son after John Marshall, the "Whig party's patron saint [and] the Supreme Court's 'great chief justice'".<ref name="ANB"/>

John Harlan graduated from Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, in 1850 at the age of 17, and studied law for two years at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky.<ref name="ANB"/> After that, he finished his legal education in his father's law office, something that was common at the time.<ref name="ANB"/>

John Harlan graduated from Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, in 1850 at the age of 17, and studied law for two years at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky.<ref name="ANB"/> After that, he finished his legal education in his father's law office, something that was common at the time.<ref name="ANB"/>

Harlan was active in the Whig Party like his father, and then became a [[Know nothing party|Know-Nothing]] after the demise of the [[Whig Party]], and he was first elected as a county judge in 1858.  He gave many recorded racist and states' rights speeches that became an embarrassment after the [[Civil War]], in which he served on the [[Union]].

Harlan was active in the Whig Party like his father, and then became a [[Know nothing party|Know-Nothing]] after the demise of the [[Whig Party]], and he was first elected as a county judge in 1858.  He gave many recorded racist and states' rights speeches that became an embarrassment after the [[Civil War]], in which he served on the [[Union]].

Harlan helped deliver key votes to [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] at the nominating convention in 1876, and Hayes remembered that in nominating Harlan to a seat on the Supreme Court vacated by the surprising resignation of Justice [[David Davis]], which was apparently so Davis could avoid serving on the Electoral Commission deciding the outcome of the 1876 election.  Harlan then served 34 years on the Court, one of the longest tenures ever.

Harlan helped deliver key votes to [[Rutherford B. Hayes]] at the nominating convention in 1876, and Hayes remembered that in nominating Harlan to a seat on the Supreme Court vacated by the surprising resignation of Justice [[David Davis]], which was apparently so Davis could avoid serving on the Electoral Commission deciding the outcome of the 1876 election.  Harlan then served 34 years on the Court, one of the longest tenures ever.