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Line 1: − + − + − ==Egyptian use of the name== − The term "pharaoh" occurs in its earliest form from the text inscriptions within the [[pyramid]]s onward. At first it is used with distinct reference to its [[etymology]] and not clearly as an independent title. Pharaoh, "great house," was applied as a metaphor to mean the government. But in an [[absolute monarchy]] as Egypt the king was the government, and the title of pharaoh was, by a figure of speech, put for the king. Its use in Egypt clearly as a title denoting the ruler (similar to Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar) belongs to a few dynasties probably beginning with the 18th, and certainly ending not later than the 21st during the time of Pharaoh [[Sheshonq I]] (possibly the [[Shishak]] of [[1 Kings]] 14:25). The title is certainly used in the time of [[Rameses II]], in the "Tale of Two Brothers" (Records of the Past, 1st series, II, 137; Recueil de Travaux, XXI, 13, l. 1). − In official documents, the full title of the Egyptian king consisted of five names, each preceded by one of the following titles: Horus; Two Ladies; Golden Horus; King of Upper and Lower Egypt and Lord of the Double Land; and Son of Re and Lord of the Diadems. The last name was given him at birth, the others at coronation. The egyptian king also held the title "(s)he of the sedge and the bee" which were symbols for the upper and lower kingdoms respectively.+ − ==Regalia==+ − In statues, reliefs, and paintings the pharoah is usually depicted as bearing the ''crook'' and ''flail'', ancient Egyptian symbols of royal power, both stylized depictions of the herder's staff and whip respectively. Upon his head are one of five crowns: the white crown of Upper Egypt (''hedjet''), a tall conical crown used since the first king, Narmer; the red crown of Lower Egypr (''deshret''); the ''double crown'' (''pschent'') consisting of a combination of the two, and used since the unification of the two lands; the blue, or war crown (''khepresh''), used beginning in depictions from the 18th Dynasty, and especially associated with [[Ramesses II]]; and the simpler Nemes crown, a cloth headress often with gold striping. All crowns bore either the ''uraeus'' Wadjet (symbol of Upper Egypt), and the vulture Nekhbet (Lower Egypt), or both. <ref>http://www.egyptologyonline.com/pharaoh's_crowns.htm</ref> − ==Significance of Use in the Bible==+ − Biblical writers had used this word with historical accuracy for the various periods to which it refers, not only for the time of Necoh and Hophra, but for the time of Rameses II, and use the style of the time of Rameses II for the time of [[Abraham]] and [[Joseph]], concerning which we have not certain knowledge of its use in Egypt. Despite its use throughout the [[Bible]] in refering to the king of Egypt, there are only three instances in the Bible in which a pharaoh was referred to by name: the previously-mentioned Shishak, Necoh, and Hophra. It is suspected that writers of the 7th or 5th century BC would not have been able to make such historical use of this name, while, to a writer at the time of the [[The Exodus|Exodus]], it would have been perfectly natural to use Pharaoh for the king without any further name; and historical writers in the time of the prophets in Palestine would likewise have used Pharaoh-necoh and Pharaoh Hophra. This evidence is not absolutely conclusive for an early authorship of the [[Pentateuch]] and historical books, but is very difficult to set aside for a late authorship (compare [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 12:14-20; 41:14; [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 1:11; 3:11; [[1 Kings]] 3:1; 14:25; [[2 Kings]] 23:29; [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 44:30; also 1 Kings 11:19; 2 Kings 18:21; [[1 Chronicles]] 4:18). − + − {| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="1000" style="margin-left:5px"+ − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − + + + − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Protodynastic Period (prior to 3050 B.C.)+ + + − ! width="200" | Pharaoh+ − ! width="500" | Details+ − ! width="150" | Dates+ − + − + − | Awaiting identity+ − + − + − | Awaiting identity+ − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|First Dynasty (3050-2890 B.C.)+ + + − ! width="200" | Pharaoh+ − ! width="500" | Details+ − ! width="150" | Dates+ − + − + − | Awaiting identity+ − + − + − | c. 3050 BC+ − |- − | Djer − | — − | 41 years − |- − | Merneith − | Regent for Den − | — − |- − | Djet − | — − | 23 years − |- − | Den − | — − | 14 to 20.1 years − |- − | Anedjib − | — − | 10 years − |- − | Semerkhet − | — − | 9 years − |- − | Qa'a − | — − | 2916 BC?–2890 BC − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Second Dynasty (2890-2686 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Hotepsekhemwy − | — − | 2890 BC–? − |- − | Raneb − | — − | 39 years − |- − | Nynetjer − | — − | 40 years − |- − | Wneg − | — − | 8 years − |- − | Senedj − | — − | 20 years − |- − | Seth-Peribsen − | — − | 17 years − |- − | Sekhemib-Perenmaat − | — − | — − |- − | Khasekhemwy − | ?–2686 BC − | 17 to 18 years − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Old Kingdom − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Third Dynasty (2686-2613 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Sanakhte − | — − | 2686-2668 − |- − | [[Djoser]] − | Commissioned the first pyramid, the [[Step Pyramid]] − | 2668–2649 − |- − | Sekhemkhet − | — − | 2649–2643 − |- − | Khaba − | — − | 2643–2637 − |- − | Huni − | — − | 2637–2613 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fourth Dynasty (2613-2498 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − |[[Sneferu]] || Builder of the [[Bent Pyramid]], the [[Red Pyramid]] (the first true pyramid), and the so-called [[False Pyramid]] at Maidum. || |2613–2589 − |- − |[[Khufu]] || Built the [[Great Pyramid]] on the Giza Plateau; also known by the Greek name ''Cheops''. || 2589–2566 − |- − |Djedefra || — || 2566–2558 − |- − |[[Khafra]] || Built the second great pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name ''Chephren''. || 2558–2532 − |- − |''Bikheris'' || Inserted here, following [[Manetho]] || — − |- − |[[Menkaura]] || Built the smallest pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name ''Mycerinus'' || 2532–2503 − |- − |Shepseskaf || – || 2503–2498 − |- − |''Thampthis'' || Inserted here, following Manetho || — − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Userkaf − | — − | 2498–2491 − |- − | Sahure − | — − | 2487–2477 − |- − | Neferirkare Kakai − | — − | 2477–2467 − |- − | Shepseskare Isi − | — − | 2467–2460 − |- − | Neferefre − | — − | 2460–2453 − |- − | Nyuserre Ini − | — − | 2453–2422 − |- − | Menkauhor Kaiu − | — − | 2422–2414 − |- − | Djedkare Isesi − | — − | 2414–2375 − |- − | [[Unas]] − | — − | 2375–2345 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Sixth Dynasty (2345-2181 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Teti − | — − | 2345–2333 − |- − | Userkare − | — − | 2333–2332 − |- − | Pepi I Meryre − | — − | 2332–2283 − |- − | Merenre Nemtyemsaf I − | — − | 2283–2278 − |- − | Pepi II Neferkare − | Possibly reigned until 2224 which would explain the following 4 pharaohs. − | 2278–2184 − |- − | Neferka − | Only mentioned in the redford. Co-reigned with Pepi II? − | 2200–2199 − |- − | Nefer − | Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day ([[Turin Canon]]) − | 2197–2193 − |- − | Aba − | Reign of 4 years, 2 months (Does not follow Turin Canon). − | 2293–2176 − |- − | Unknown King − | – − | – − |- − | Merenre Nemtyemsaf II − | Kingship uncertain. − | 2184 − |- − | Nitiqret − | Female ruler? − | 2184–2181 − |- − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|First Intermediate Period − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (2181-2160 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Neferkara I ||– || – − |- − | Netjerkare ||– ||– − |- − | Menkare ||— ||— − |- − | Neferkare II ||— ||— − |- − | Neferkare Nebi ||— ||— − |- − | Djedkare Shemai ||— ||— − |- − | Neferkare Khendu ||— ||— − |- − | ''Merenhor''||— ||— − |- − | Neferkamin Seneferka ||— ||— − |- − | Nikare ||— ||— − |- − | Neferkare Tereru ||— ||— − |- − | Neferkahor ||— ||— − |- − | Neferkare Pepiseneb ||— ||— − |- − | Neferkamin Anu ||— ||— − |- − | Qakare Ibi ||— ||— − |- − | Neferkaure II ||— ||— − |- − | Neferkauhor Khuwihap ||— ||— − |- − | Neferirkare ||— ||— − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ninth Dynasty (2160-2130 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I) − | - − | 2160– ? − |- − | Meribre Khety II − | - − | ? − |- − | Neferkare III − | - − | ? − |- − | Nebkaure (Acthoes II) − | - − | ? − |- − | Setut − | - − | ? − |- − | Wakhare Khety I − | - − | ? − |- − | Merykare − | - − | ? − |- − | Wankhare Khety II − | - − | ? − |- − | Menethoupe I − | - − | ? − |- − | Wankhare Khety III − | - − | ? − |- − | Khety II − | - − | ? − |- − | Khety II's daughter − | - − | ? − |- − | Merikare's daughter − | - − | ? –2130 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Tenth Dynasty (2130-2040 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Meryhathor − | — − | 2130– ? − |- − | Neferkare IV − | — − | ? − |- − | Wankare (Acthoes III) − | — − | ? − |- − | Merykare − | — − | ? − |- − | — − | — − | ? –2040 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Eleventh Dynasty (2034-1991 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Intef I − | — − | 2134–2117 − |- − | Intef II − | — − | 2117–2069 − |- − | Intef III − | — − | 2069–2060 − |- − | Nebhetepre Mentuhotep I − | Succeeded in controlling all of Egypt by 2040; considered beginning of Middle Kingdom. − | 2060–2010 − |- − | Sankhkare Mentuhotep II − | — − | 2010–1998 − |- − | Nebtawyre Mentuhotep III − | — − | 1997–1991 − |- − | Mentuhotep IV − | Co-reignal? − |7 years − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Middle Kingdom − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Amenemhat I − | — − | 1991–1962 − |- − | Senusret I (Sesostris I) − | — − | 1971–1926 − |- − | Amenemhat II − | — − | 1929–1895 − |- − | Senusret II (Sesostris II) − | — − | 1897–1878 − |- − | Senusret III (Sesostris III) − | Most powerful Middle Kingdom pharaoh. − | 1878–1860 − |- − | Amenemhat III − | — − | 1860–1815 − |- − | Amenemhat IV − | Co-regency of at least 1 year with Amenemhat III (based on a [[Konosso]] inscription). − | 1815–1807 − |- − | Sobekneferu − | Female ruler. − | 1807–1803 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Second Intermediate Period − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirteenth Dynasty (1802-1649 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep (or Wegaf) − | Founder of the 13th Dynasty. − | 1803–1799 − |- − | Amenemhat Senebef (Sekhemkare) − | Reigned 3 years − | 1798—1795 − |- − | Amenemhat − | — − | 1795–1792 − |- − | Sehetepre − | — − | ? –1790 − |- − | Iufni − | — − | ? − |- − | Seankhibre − | — − | ? − |- − | Semenkare − | — − | ? − |- − | Sehetepre − | — − | ? − |- − | Sewadjkare − | — − | ? − |- − | Nedjemibre − | Reigned 7 months − | ? − |- − | Sobekhotep I − | — − | ? − |- − | Renseneb − | 4 months − | c. 1775 − |- − | Awybre Hor I(?) − | — − | c. 1775(?) − |- − | [[Sedjefakare]] − | Became well-known through the writings on many documents and stele. − | c. 5 to 7 yrs. − |- − | Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep − | — − | c. 1767 − |- − | Khendjer − | Reigned 4 yrs, 3 months, possibly longer. − | c. 1765 − |- − | Imyremeshaw − | — − | ? − |- − | Antef V − | — − | ? − |- − | Sobekhotep III − | Reigned 4 years, 2 months − | c. 1755 − |- − | Neferhotep I − | Reigned 11 years − | 1751–1740 − |- − | Sobekhotep IV − | Reigned 10-11 years − | 1740–1730 − |- − | Sobekhotep V − | — − | c. 1730 − |- − | Wahibre Ibiau − | Reigned 10 years, 8 months − | c. 1725–1714 − |- − | Merneferre Ai − | Reigned 23 years, 8 months − | c. 1714–1691 − |- − | Merhetepre Ini − | Reigned 2 years, 2 months − | ? − |- − | Seankhenre Sewadtjew − | — − | ? − |- − | Mersekhemre Ined − | — − | ? − |- − | Sewadjkare Hori − | — − | ? − |- − | [[Dudimose I]] − | Position uncertain in conventional chronology; David Rohl claims him as [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]] in his chronology; [[Josephus]] gives his name as "Tutimaos" (''Antiquities of the Jews'') − | c. 1654 − |- − | Dudimose II − | Position uncertain − | ? − |- − | Senebmiu − | Position uncertain − | ? − |- − | Mentuhotep V − | Position uncertain − | ? − |- − | Senaayeb − | Position uncertain − | ? − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fourteenth Dynasty (ruled from the eastern Delta at Avaris, c. 1705-1690 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Nehesy − | - − | c. 1705 − |- − | Khakherewre − | - − | ? − |- − | Nebefawre − | - − | c. 1704 − |- − | Sehebre − | - − | ? − |- − | Merdjefare − | - − | c. 1699 − |- − | Sewadjkare − | - − | ? − |- − | Nebdjefare − | - − | c. 1694 − |- − | Webenre − | - − | ? − |- − | unknown − | - − | ? − |- − | Djefare − | - − | ? − |- − | Webenre − | - − | c. 1690 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fifteenth Dynasty (origins in the Hyksos people, ruled c. 1674-1535 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Sheshi − | Reigned 1 or 3 years − | 1674- ? − |- − | Yakubher − | - − | ? − |- − | Khyan − | - − | 30-40 Years − |- − | Apepi I − | - − | Reigned 40 + years − |- − |- − | Khamudy − | - − | ? -1535 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Sixteenth Dynasty (ruled from the north Sinai Penninsula, c. 1663-1555 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | - − |width=400 | name of the first king is lost due to fragmentary nature of the [[Turin King List]]. − | - − |- − |Djehuty (Sekhemresementawy) || – || Reigned 3 years − |- − |Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemresewosertawy) || – || Reigned 16 years − |- − |Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy) || – || Reigned 1 year − |- − |Mentuhotepi (Sankhenra) || – || Reigned 1 year − |- − |Nebiryraw I (Sewadjenra) || – || Reigned 26 years − |- − |Nebiryraw II || – || Reigned 3 months (?) − |- − |Semenra || – || Reigned 1 year (?) − |- − |Bebiankh (Sewoserenra) || – || Reigned 12 years − |- − |Sekhemreshedwaset || – || Reigned 3 months (?) − |- − | - − |width=400 | the names of the following five to twelve kings are lost due to fragmentary nature of the Turin King List − | - − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Seventeenth Dynasty (ruled from Upper Egypt, c. 1650-1550 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Rahotep Sekhemrewahkhaw − | - − | 1650- ? − |- − | Intef V the Elder − | - − | Reigned 3 years − |- − | Antef VI Sekhemrewepmaat − | - − | ? − |- − | Antef VII Nubkheperre − | - − |- − | Intef VIII Sekhemreherhermaat − | - − | - − |- − | Sobekemsaf II Sekhemrewadjkhaw − | - − | - − |- − | Thuty − | - − | Reigned 1 year − |- − | Mentuhotep VI − | - − | Reigned 1 year − |- − | Nebiryerawet I − | - − | Reigned 6 years − |- − | Nebiryerawet II − | - − | ? − |- − | Semenmedjatre − | - − | ? − |- − | Seuserenre − | - − | Reigned 12 years − |- − | Shedwast − | - − | ? − |- − | Intef VII − | - − | Reigned 3 + years − |- − | Tao I the Elder (Senakhtenre) − | - − | c. 1558 − |- − | Tao II the Brave (Seqenenre) − | - − | c. 1558-1554 − |- − | Kamose − | - − | 1554-1549 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|New Kingdom − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1295 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | [[Ahmose I]] − | Founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty. − | 1550-1525 − |- − | [[Amenhotep I]] − | - − | 1525-1504 − |- − | [[Thutmose I]] − | - − | 1504-1492 − |- − | [[Thutmose II]] − | - − | 1492-1479 − |- − | [[Thutmose III]] − | Co-reigned with Hatshepsut; expanded Egyptian Empire into the [[Levant]]. Claimed as the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the oppression]] according to the early date theory. − | 1479-1425 − |- − | [[Hatshepsut]] − | Only female to have claimed the title of pharaoh in her lifetime. Claimed by some Biblical scholars to have been the princess who drew [[Moses]] from the water (Exodus 2:5-10) − |1473-1458 − |- − | [[Amenhotep II]] − | Claimed as pharaoh of the Exodus according to the early date theory. − | 1425-1400 − |- − | [[Thutmose IV]] − | - − | 1400-1388 − |- − | [[Amenhotep III]] − | - − | 1388-1352 − |- − | [[Amenhotep IV]] ([[Akhenaten]]) − | Founder of the brief [[Amarna Period]], a monotheistic religion based upon the sun disk (Aten). − | 1352-1334 − |- − | [[Smenkhkare]] − | Possible coregent with [[Akhenaten]]. − | 1334-1333 − |- − | Neferneferuaten − | - − | 1335-1333 − |- − | Tutankhaten/[[Tutankhamun]] − | Son or grandson of Akhenaten; left fabulous treasure to be found by archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922. − | 1333-1324 − |- − | Kheperkheprure Ay − | - − | 1324-1320 − |- − | [[Horemheb]] − | Former General and advisor to [[Tutankhamun]]. Obliterated images of the Amarna Period, and set the conditions for the Nineteenth Dynasty. − | 1320-1292 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ninteenth Dynasty (1295-1186 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | [[Ramesses I]] − | - − | 1292-1290 − |- − | [[Seti I]] − | Conqueror of Libyans and other nations/Grand work projects. Claimed as the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the oppression]] according to the late date theory. − | 1290-1279 − |- − | [[Ramesses II]] − | The [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]], according to the late date theory. Claimed as the biblical pharoah [[Shishak]] by David Rohl. Fought the [[Hittites]] at the [[Battle of Kadesh]] in 1275 BC. − | 1279-1213 − |- − | [[Merneptah]] − | His stele contains the first known reference to the [[Israelites]]. Considered by some to be the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]] − | 1213-1203 − |- − | Amenemses − | - − | 1202–1199 (?) − |- − | Seti II − | - − | 1203-1197 − |- − | Merneptah Siptah − | - − | 1197 (?)-1191 − |- − | Tausret − | Female ruler. − | 1191-1190 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twentieth Dynasty (1185-1070 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Setnakhte − | - − | 1186-1183 − |- − | Ramesses III − | Fought an invasion of the [[Sea Peoples]] − | 1183-1152 − |- − | Ramesses IV − | - − | 1152-1146 − |- − | Ramesses V − | - − | 1146-1142 − |- − | Ramesses VI − | - − | 1142-1134 − |- − | Ramesses VII − | - − | 1134-1126 − |- − | Ramesses VIII − | - − | 1126-1124 − |- − | Ramesses IX − | - − | 1124-1106 − |- − | Ramesses X − | - − | 1106-1102 − |- − | Ramesses XI − | - − | 1102-1069 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Third Intermediate Period − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-First Dynasty (ruled from Tanis; claimed all of Egypt but rule was weak. 1069-945 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Nesbanebdjed I (or Smendes I) − | - − | 1069-1043 − |- − | Amenemnisu − | - − | 1043-1039 − |- − | Psusennes I − | - − | 1039-991 − |- − | Amenemope − | - − | 993-984 − |- − | Osorkon the Elder (or Osochor) − | - Osochor − | 984-978 − |- − | Siamun − | - − | 978-959 − |- − | Psusennes II − | - − | 959-945 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Second Dynasty (Libyans, ruling 945-720 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Shoshenq I − | Claimed to be the Biblical [[Shishak]] − | 945-924 − |- − | Osorkon I − | - − | 924-889 − |- − | Shoshenq II − | - − | 890-890/889 − |- − | Takelot I − | - − | 889-874 − |- − | Harsiese − | - − | 875-862 − |- − | Osorkon II − | - − | 874-834 − |- − | Shoshenq III − | - − | 834-795 − |- − | Shoshenq IV − | - − | 795-782 − |- − | Pami − | - − | 782-776 − |- − | Shoshenq V − | - − | 776-740 − |- − | Osorkon IV − | - − | 740-720 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Third Dynasty (Libyans, ruling from Leontopolis, 836-720 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Takelot II − | Founder of the 23rd Dynasty − | 837-813 − |- − | Pedubast − | Seized Thebes during a rebellion against Takelot II − | 826-801 − |- − | Iuput I − | - − | 812-811 − |- − | Shoshenq VI − | Successor to Pedubast − | 801-795 − |- − | Osorkon III − | Son of Takelot II; proclaimed king after recovering Thebes − | 795-767 − |- − | Takelot III − | - − | 773-765 − |- − | Rudamun − | - − | 765-762 − |- − | Iuput II − | - − | 762-728 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Fourth Dynasty (Rival dynasty, ruling from the Delta, 732-720 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Tefnakhte − | - − | 732-725 − |- − | Bakenrenef (Bocchoris) − | - − | 725-720 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Late Period − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Nubians, ruling 732-656 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Name − ! width="400" | Comments − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Piye − | King of [[Nubia]] for 20 years prior to conquering Egypt, where he ruled for four additional years − | 752-721 − |- − | Shabaka − | - − | 721-707 − |- − | Shebitku − | - − | 707-690 − |- − | Taharqa − | - − | 690-664 − |- − | Tantamani − | - − | 664-653 − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Sixth Dynasty (Native Egyptians (Saites), ruling 672-525 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Necho I − | - − | 672-664 − |- − | Psamtik I − | - − | 664-610 − |- − | Necho II − | Fought against Babylon and King Josiah of Judah, who was killed in battle at Megiddo (2 Kings 23:29, 2 Chronicles 35:20-24) − | 610-595 − |- − | Psamtik II − | - − | 595-589 − |- − | Wahibre − | - − | 589-570 − |- − | Ahmose II − | - − | 570-526 − |- − | Psammetichus III − | - − | 526-525 BC − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Seventh Dynasty (Persians who conquered Egypt and absorbed it into their empire, ruling 525-404 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Cambyses II − | - − | 525-521 − |- − | Smerdis − | - − | 522-521 − |- − | Darius I the Great − | - − | 521-486 BC − |- − | Xerxes I the Great − | - − | 486-465 BC − |- − | Artabanus the Hyrcanian − | - − | 465-464 BC − |- − | Artaxerxes I − | - − | 464-424 − |- − | Xerxes II − | claimant to the throne − | 424-423 BC − |- − | Sogdianus − | claimant to the throne − | 424-423 BC − |- − | Darius II − | - − | 424-404 BC − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Eighth Dynasty (Six-year rule by a single pharaoh, 525-404 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − |- − | Amyrtaeus − | Descendant of Twenty-Sixth Dynasty Saite pharaohs; led a successful revolt against the Persians − | 404-398 BC − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Ninth Dynasty (398-380 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Name − ! width="400" | Comments − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − |- − | [[Nefaarud I]] − | Also known as Nepherites − | [[398 BC|398]] – [[393 BC]] − |- − | Psammuthes − | - − | 393 BC − |- − | Hakor (Achoris) − | - − | 393-380 − |- − | Nefaarud II − | - − | 380 BC − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirtieth Dynasty (Last native Egyptian rule, 380-343 B.C.) − ! width="200" | Pharaoh+ − ! width="400" | Details+ − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Nectanebo I (Nekhtnebef) − | - − | 380-362 BC − |- − | Teos − | - − | 362-360 BC − |- − | Nectanebo II − | - − | 360-343 BC − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirty-First Dynasty (Restored Persian rule, 380-343 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Artaxerxes III − | Re-conquered Egypt for the Persian Empire − | 343-338 − |- − | Artaxerxes IV Arses − | Ruled from Lower Egypt only − | 338-336 BC − |- − | Khababash − | Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt − | 338-335 BC − |- − | Darius III Codomannus − | Queled revolt in Upper Egypt and returned it Persian control, 335 BC − | 336-332 BC − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Argead Dynasty (Conquest by Macedonian Greeks; 332-309 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | King − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Alexander III of Macedon ([[Alexander the Great]]) − | Conquered the Persian Empire; ushured in the Hellenistic Age − | 332-323 BC − |- − | Philip III Arrhidaeus − | Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III − | 323-317 BC − |- − | Alexander IV − | Son of Alexander III and Roxana − | 317-309 BC − |- − !colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ptolemaic Dynasty (Second Greek dynasty, 305-30 B.C.) − |- − ! width="200" | Pharaoh − ! width="400" | Details − ! width="120" | Dates − |- − | Ptolemy I Soter − | One of Alexander III's generals; Abdicated in 285 BC − | 305-285 BC − |- − | Berenice I − | Wife of Ptolemy I − | ?-285 BC − |- − | Ptolemy II Philadelphos − | - − | 288-246 BC − |- − | Arsinoe I − | Wife of Ptolemy II − | 284-274 BC − |- − | Arsinoe II − | Wife of Ptolemy II − | 277-270 BC − |- − | Ptolemy III Euergetes I − | - − | 246-222 BC − |- − | Berenice II − | Wife of Ptolemy III − | 244-222 − |- − | Ptolemy IV Philopator − | - − | 222-204 BC − |- − | Arsinoe III − | Wife of Ptolemy IV − | 220-204 BC − |- − | Ptolemy V Epiphanes − | - − | 204-180 − |- − | Cleopatra I − | Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority − | 193-176 BC − |- − | Ptolemy VI Philometor − | - − | 180-164 BC − |- − | Cleopatra II − | Wife of Ptolemy VI − | 173-164 − |- − | Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II − | Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II (169 to 164) − | 171-163 − |- − | Ptolemy VI Philometor − | Second rule; restored Egypt from Ptolemy VIII in 163 BC − | 163-145 − |- − | Cleopatra II − | Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against her husband in 131 BC; became sole ruler of Egypt. − | 163-127 BC − |- − | Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator − | Ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II − | 144-144 − |- − | Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II − | Second rule − | 145-131 − |- − | Cleopatra III − | Second wife of Ptolemy VIII − | 142-131 BC − |- − | Ptolemy Memphitis − | Proclaimed king by Cleopatra II; killed by Ptolemy VIII − | 131 − |- − | Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II − | Second rule − | 127-116 − |- − | Cleopatra III − | Second rule; restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X. − | 127-107 BC − |- − | Cleopatra II − | Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116. − | 124-116 − |- − | Ptolemy IX Soter II − | Died 80 BC − | 116-110 − |- − | Cleopatra IV − | Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, removed by Cleopatra III − | 116-115 BC − |- − | Ptolemy X Alexander I − | Died 88 BC − | 110-109 BC − |- − | Ptolemy IX Soter II − | Second rule − | 109-107 BC − |- − | Ptolemy X Alexander I − | Second rule − | 107-88 BC − |- − | Ptolemy IX Soter II − | Second rule − | 88-81 BC − |- − | Berenice III − | Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered 19 days later on his orders − | 81-80 − |- − | Ptolemy XI Alexander II − | Set on throne by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being hung by citizens for killing Berenice III − | 80 BC − |- − | Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes) − | Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC − | 80-58 BC − |- − | Cleopatra V Tryphaena − | Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV − | ?-57 BC − |- − | Cleopatra VI − | Daughter of Ptolemy XII − | ?-58 BC − |- − | Berenice IV − | Daughter of Ptolemy XII − | 58-55 BC − |- − | Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos − | Second rule; reigned briefly with daughter Cleopatra VII before his death − | 55-51 − |- − | [[Cleopatra]] VII − | The Cleopatra of legend; last ruler of Egypt before Roman conquest − | 51-30 − |- − | Ptolemy XIII − | Brother of Cleopatra VII − | 51-47 BC − |- − | Arsinoe IV − | Opposed Cleopatra VII − | 48-47 − |- − | Ptolemy XIV − | Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII − | 47-44 BC − |- − | Ptolemy XV Caesarion − | Young son of Cleopatra VII by [[Julius Caesar]]; killed on orders of Octavian (future Roman emperor [[Augustus]]) − | 44-30 − + − + − + − + − + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + − ==References==+ − + + + + + + + + + − +
→Ma’at: linked concept
[[Image:AmenhotepII.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Pharoah Amenhotep II]]
[[Image:Tuthmosis III.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Thutmose III of the 18th Dynasty. This statue depicts him in a way that perfectly displays the official iconographic conventions of Egyptian art and ideology, with the Pharaoh as eternally serene, young and beautiful. The statue is considered a masterpiece of Egyptian sculpture. Greywacke, from Karnak Temple Cachette, now in Luxor Museum.]]
'''Pharaoh''' (Egyptian: ''per aa'', "great house", i.e. the royal palace), generic name or title used in referring to the kings of [[Ancient Egypt]]; its use as a synonym began during the 18th Dynasty (1539-1293 B.C.), although it was never in formal use as an actual royal title.
'''Pharaoh''' is the term generally used today to refer to the Kings of [[Ancient Egypt]], including the [[Hyksos]] and [[Ptolemaic]] rulers, but usually not the [[Persian]] rulers, though many of them did have a formal Egyptian royal titulary drawn up.
== Etymology of the Word ==
The term "pharaoh" derives from the Egyptian word ''pr-'3'', reconstructed as "per-'aa" and literally translates as "Great House", i.e. the royal palace. The word itself occurs from the Old Kingdom onward, but only within that context, i.e. ''smr pr '3'' "Courtier of the Great House", rather than referring to the ruler in person.
Towards the end of the 12th Dynasty, the context has shifted somewhat, being used in blessing or as a wish "Great House, may it liver, prosper and be in health", which although still referring to the palace the context appears to be shifting somewhat. It is from the late 18th Dynasty onward in the Amarna Letters that we obtain the first clear usage of the term ''pr-'3'' to refer to the person of the King himself, and from the 19th dynasty onwards it is used in exactly the same manner as "His Majesty" (''Hm.f''). The term continues to be used into the Greco-Roman era, where it even finds use in temple inscriptions.
----
== The Divine Kingship ==
|align="center" colspan="3"|
The Pharaoh was a divine [[King]] (sometimes referred to as a God-King), who ruled as an [[Absolute monarchy|absolute monarch]]. He was associated with numerous [[Egyptian mythology|Egyptian gods]], but the most significant relationship was the Pharaoh being the living image or earthly incarnation of [[Horus]]. This was an extremely important foundation for Pharaonic ideology, as Horus is closely associated with the ideals of Kingship in theology, being the rightful successor to the murdered [[Osiris]]. It is also the oldest of the divine associations, dating back at least as far as the reign of [[menes|Narmer]], at the beginning of the Dynastic period. The Horus name in the royal titulary links directly to this association.
The Pharaoh was also the Son of [[Ra]], as explicitly stated in the royal titulary from the reign of [[Djedfra]] (4th Dyn.) onward. This was a very important association in the [[old kingdom|Old]] and [[Middle Kingdom]], when [[Ra]] was the supreme state god, and remained significant throughout Pharaonic history. When Amun became solarised in the 18th dynasty as [[Amun-Ra]], the Pharaoh came to be seen as the son of this combined form of the [[sun god]] as well.
The Pharaoh was also considered to be the son of [[Geb]], [[Nut]], [[Isis]], [[Osiris]], and [[Hathor]]. In addition he was also imbued with the traits of others gods at particular times. On the battlefield, [[Thutmose III]] was likened to the Theban war god [[Montu]], and [[Ramesses II]] to [[Sekhmet]], the avenging [[Eye of Ra]].
The Pharaoh could also be directly worshipped as an independent god in his own right, and it is known that temples to Senusret III, Ahmose I, Amunhotep II, Amunhotep III, and Ramesses II existed. In addition to these, every Pharoh was worshipped after his death in a mortuary cult, the central temple of which was the pyramid complex in the Old and Middle Kingdoms, and the mortuary temple in later periods. These cults were state sponsored, sometimes for centuries following the death of the ruler concerned. Several Pharaohs were also worshipped outside [[Egypt]].
== The Dual Kingship ==
Egyptian philosophy was highly dualistic in nature, seeing two aspects being necessary to form a whole picture. For example, order could not exist without chaos, perhaps best seen in the Contendings of Horus and Set. The role of the Pharaoh was seen in a similar way, and by extension Egypt as a whole. Egypt was the “Two Lands”, which has is generally seen today as Upper and Lower Egypt, reflecting both philosophical view and political history. The title Lord of the Two Lands was an important part of the royal titulary, and is reflected in the idea of the dual crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt (red crown, white crown, and joined crowns), and also the “two ladies” name of the royal titulary. The two ladies were the vulture goddess [[Nekhbet]] (patron of Upper Egypt) and cobra goddess [[Wadjet]] (patron of Lower Egypt). The latter reared up upon the brow of the Pharaoh to spit and strike at his enemies, and quite commonly the head of Nekhbet was depicted alongside her, as on the mask of [[Tutankhamun]].
The idea of the Two Lands, as well as fitting in the with Egyptian thinking regarding the nature of the universe also preserved the historic memory of the original act of unification of Egypt into one nation circa 3200 – 3100 BC. Although unified, the administration maintained some divisions, including having two national treasuries, though usually under one treasurer.
== The Royal Names ==
The Pharaoh had five sets of royal names and titulary, as well as additional epithets and titles not discussed here. The main five names and titles were:
* The Horus Name: The oldest title, dating from the 1st Dynasty, links the Pharaoh to the god Horus. It is written in a serekh. This name was given to the Pharaoh upon his ascension to the throne, and was his “official” name during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods.
* The Nebty Name: Sometimes called the “Two Ladies” name, links the Pharaoh with the patron goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt. Used first by Den of the 1st Dynasty, and clearly states that the Pharaoh is ruler of all Egypt. It was taken upon coronation.
* Golden Horus Name: It’s exactly symbolism is disputed, but apart from the obvious link to the Pharaoh as the incarnation of Horus (already established in the Horus name) the golden element most likely relates to the idea of enduring or eternity, qualities with which the metal was associated by the Egyptians. In addition Egyptian religion also mentions certain gods as having skin made of gold. It was taken upon coronation.
* The Prenomen: The nisw-bity or “King of Upper and Lower Egypt” name, was enclosed in a cartouche and from the 11th Dynasty onward always included the name of Ra within the name. I.e. User-Ma’at-Ra Setep-n-Ra (Translated as “Strong is the Justice of Ra, Chosen of Ra”) is the prenomen of Ramesses II. This was “official” name used from the Middle Kingdom onward. Is is often followed by the title “Lord of the Two Lands”. It too, was taken upon coronation.
* The Nomen: The “Son of Ra” name was also enclosed in a cartouche, and is the name used today to describe a particular individual. Ramesses was the nomen of Ramesses II. It was the Pharaoh’s birth name. Sometimes, and not uncommonly, the epithet “The Perfect God” is used in place of the “Son of Ra” prefix.
[[Image:AmenhotepII.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Amenhotep II, with Nemes headdress, false beard, and uraeus (cobra) upon his brow]]
[[Image:Tut_coffinette.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Coffinette of Tutankhamun, with Nemes headdress, false beard,bearing the ceremonial crook and flail. The traditional ureaus aupon the brow is accompanied by the vulture head of Nekhbet]]
== Pharaonic Regalia ==
There is a rich variety of Pharaonic regalia, each element with its own symbolism.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown no-repeat scroll top left;"|Chronological list of the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt
! width="100pt"|Piece
! width="700pt"|Symbolism
|-
|-
| Crook and Flail
| Links to Osiris. Crook is symbolic of the Pharaoh’s responsibility to guide the country and people. As a sign in Egyptian hieroglyphs it forms the tri-consonantal HkA, most commonly used in the word “rule” and related words. The fail is of less certain original meaning, but is most likely related to the harvest, symbolic of the Pharaoh’s role as provider for the people.
|-
|-
| Nemes Headdress
| A striped multi-piece headdress worn by Pharaohs from at least the beginning of the 3rd Dynasty, it’s originally symbolism is unknown, but was a core part of Pharaonic regalia to the end of Pharaonic period. It remains one of the most iconic symbols of Pharaonic Egypt today.
|-
|-
| "Scorpion I"
| False Beard
| Evidence found in the Thinis tombs (U-j) of the royal cemetery of Abydos by Prof. John Darnell of Yale University indicating a 5,000 year-old date for this king.
| The false beard was platted, and intended to appear false, the strap holding it often appearing in sculptural depictions of the gods and Pharaohs. A beautiful example is on the coffin of Psusennes I.
|-
|-
| "Scorpion II"
| Deshret (Red) Crown
| Only evidence of his existence is a ceremonial macehead discovered at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in 1897, and currently on display at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England. Named by archaeologists for the figure of a scorpion in front of the king's image; his actual Egyptian name is unknown.
| The crown of Lower Egypt, the delta region.
|-
|-
| Hedjet (White) Crown
| The crown of Upper Egypt, the Nile valley.
|-
|-
| Pshent (Double) Crown
| The joined crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt.
|-
|-
| Menes (=Narmer?)
| Khepresh Crown
| Semi-legendary founder/unifier of Egypt
| Small, closer fitting blue crown, seen from the New Kingdom onwards, often called a “war crown” though there no evidence to suggest it was regarded as such by the Egyptians.
|-
|-
| Hor-Aha
| Was Sceptre
| unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt?
| Not commonly seen being held by the Pharaoh, more often ascribed to “literal” gods, but found in royal burials. The was sceptre symbolises dominion.
|-
|-
| Cobra
| Symbolises Wadjet, patron goddess of Lower Egypt, and universally seen upon the brow of the Pharaoh, often along with a vultures head, symbolising Nekhbet.
|}
|}
==See also==
== Ma’at ==
*[[Ahmose I]]
*Tutankamen "[[King Tut]]"
Although an [[absolute monarch]], the Pharaoh was obliged to rule in accordance with [[ma’at]], an Egyptian [[concept]] generally translated as “just”, but actually a wider ranging concept of “rightness” or “the correct order of things”. As a filial divine son, and as High Priest of Every Temple, the Pharaoh had an obligation to the gods to uphold ma’at on Earth, for it was described as both “what sustains the gods”. Those who did not live up to the obligation were treated harshly by future generations, their name being either blackened, or completely eliminated from monuments and King lists.
*[[Ramses II]]
*[[Unas]]
Egyptian culture also strongly emphasised continuity and tradition, stressing constantly the need to keep things as they always had been. As such, with a single exception, the Pharaohs of Egypt did not, contrary to Hollywood myth, rule purely on whim, but rather held the country on a pre-existing course, respecting institutions and traditions that were already ancient. As an example, the titulary [[Late Period]] officials are often identical to those from the Old Kingdom, having first appeared some 2,500 years before.
== Temple, State and Army ==
The Pharaoh was first and foremost the head of state. Contrary to popular belief, he was not the state itself. Upon the death of a Pharaoh, most administrative staff would remain and serve the successor, thus ensuring the machinery of government could continue to function efficiently. This process was smoothed in the Middle Kingdom with the introduction of co-regencies. Towards the end of one reign, the Pharaoh would make his successor co-regent alongside him, to help ensure a smooth succession. Day-to-day management of government offices was aided by a [[vizier]], and on occasion two viziers, one for Upper, and another for Lower Egypt.
The Pharaoh was also head of all temple cults. Egypt did not, technically, have high priests. The Pharaoh was the High Priest of Every Temple. All offerings were made in his name. High priests were simply his stand-ins. From the New Kingdom onwards, a prominent woman of his family (often a daughter, sometimes a wife) would hold the position of [[God’s Wife of Amun]]. There was no conflict between church and state, for the temples were, in effect, government offices.
He was also head of the military forces, both army and navy, and was advised by a military council.
== Great Pharaohs ==
There are any number of “great” Pharaohs, but those generally recognised are:
* [[Narmer]] / [[Menes]](?): Most likely unified Egypt.
* [[Djoser]]: Oversaw the world’s first large stone building.
* [[Neferirkara Kakai]]: Noted for being particularly kind.
* [[Senusret III]]: Took the Egyptian border south of the 2nd Cataract for the first time in history, with fortifications of great sophistication. Worshipped in Nubia.
* [[Ahmose I]]: Expelled the Hyksos. Re-unified Egypt. Founded the New Kingdom.
* [[Thutmose III]]: “Napoleon of Egypt”. Military genius who crossed the Euphrates and Orontes rivers to the north and advanced to Gebel Barkal in the south. Also a great patron of the arts and literature.
* [[Amunhotep III]]: Largely credited with transforming the New Kingdom from a militaristic to cultural super-power. Worshipped in Nubia.
* [[Ramesses II]]: Great and prolific builder. The “Ozymandias” of Shelley’s poem.
* [[Necho II]]: A great and ambitious ruler who won the reputation of being a failure by virtue of reigning during the Late Period. Started a canal to link the Nile to the Red Sea.
== Biblical References ==
Biblical writers exclusively use the term "Pharaoh" when referring to the King of Egypt. There are only three instances in the Bible in which a Pharaoh was referred to by name: Shishak, Necoh, and Hophra, possibly corrosponding to [[Shoshenq I]] (22nd Dyn, reigned circa 943-922BC), [[Necho II]] (26th Dyn, reigned circa 610-595BC) and [[Haibra]], better known by the hellenized name "[[Apries]]", (26th Dyn, reigned 589-570BC).
== King Lists ==
''For a modern King List of the Pharaonic dynasties see [[king list|King List]]''
The Egyptians regarded a list of the reigns of all legitimate Pharaohs to be the single most important way of recording history, and numerous “King Lists” remain today, giving valuable information in aiding a reconstruction of Egyptian history. Early archaeologists relied heavily on these king lists, particularly that of Manetho, an Egyptian who wrote at the very beginning of the Ptolemaic era, which prior to the decipherment of hieroglyphs was the only King list known to historians.
With Champollion’s decipherment cam access to addition material, particularly the Abydos king lists, preserved in the Temple of Seti I, and later the Turin Canon.
The problem with the King Lists is that they preserve the history of Egypt in much the same way modern governments do, brush over or simply point black denying aspects of it which did not fit it with official ideology. In Egypt this led to striking of Pharaohs perceived s illegitimate being erased from record. As such it is only with the science of modern archaeology being able to more accurately interpret the archaeological record that we have been able to build a more complete and accurate [[king list|King List]].
== Bibliography ==
'''Note:''' This bibliography covers all aspects of the above article except the Biblical References section.
<References/>
<div class="references-small">
* Dodson, A and Hilton, D (2004), ''The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt'', Thames & Hudson, London
* Frankfort, H (1948), ''Kingship and the Gods'', University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London
* Gardiner, A (1957), ''Egyptian Grammar'' (3rd edition), Griffith Institute, Oxford
* Montet, P (1964), E''ternal Egypt: The Civilization of Ancient Egypt From Earliest Times to Conquest by Alexander the Great'', Phoenix, London
* Shaw, I et al. (2000), ''Oxford History of Ancient Egypt'', Oxford University Press, Oxford
* Wilkinson, R (2000), ''The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt'', Thames & Hudson, London
* Wilkinson, R (2003), ''The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt'', Thames & Hudson, London
* Ziegler, C and Tiradritti, F (2002), ''The Pharaohs'', Thames and Hudson, London
[[category:Egypt]]
[[Category:Ancient Egypt]]