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| − | A '''router''' is a [[computer]] device which aggregates the [[network]] needs of many computers, and distributes [[bandwidth]] from a central [[broadband]] connection. | + | :''This article is about the network device for computers. For the woodworking tool, see'' [[Router (woodworking)]]. |
| | + | A '''router''' is a [[computer]] device which aggregates the [[network]] needs of many computers, and distributes [[bandwidth]] from a central [[broadband]] connection. They are classified as layer-three devices on the [[OSI model]].<ref>http://techgenix.com/osi-reference-model-layer3-hardware</ref> |
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| − | A router works by having a unique address on each port and a map of the network in an internal table. The router reads a packet from an incoming port, looks it up in the table , and sends it out the appropriate port. | + | A router works by having a unique address on each port and a map of the network in an internal table. The router reads a packet from an incoming port, looks it up in the table, and sends it out the appropriate port. Routers use IP addresses to communicate, and also to isolate broadcast traffic. |
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| | There are a number of protocols for managing the network address tables of the routers. | | There are a number of protocols for managing the network address tables of the routers. |
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| | A bridge is similar to a router but no address table is used. All traffic in one port goes out the other port. | | A bridge is similar to a router but no address table is used. All traffic in one port goes out the other port. |
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| − | ==See Also== | + | ==See also== |
| | * [[Communications]] | | * [[Communications]] |
| − | * [[Moore's Law]]
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| − | * [[Microprocessor]]: [[Computer]], [[CPU]], [[Arithmetic logic unit]], [[Integrated circuit]], [[Transistor]], [[Semiconductor]]
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| − | * [[Silicon Valley]]: [[Intel]], [[AMD]] ([[AMD64]]), [[IBM]], [[Motorola]], [[Texas Instruments]], [[Atari]], [[Nvidia]]
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| − | * [[Tails (operating system)|Tails Anonymous Secure Operating System]]
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| − | * [[Linux]]
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| − | * [[IBM]], [[HP]], [[Dell]] and [[Microsoft]] [[Windows]]
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| − | * [[Apple Inc.]] [[Mac OS]] for [[Apple Macintosh]]
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| − | * [[Mobile device]]s: [[Smartphone]]s and [[tablet computer|tablets]]
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| − | * [[Apple Computer|Apple]] [[iOS]] for [[iPhone]]-[[iPod]]-[[iPad]]
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| − | * [[Android (operating system)|Android]]
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| − | ----
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| − | * [[Duck Duck Go]] - [[Privacy]]-oriented [[Search engine]]
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| − | * [[Google]], [[Yahoo]] and [[Bing]]
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| − | ----
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| − | * '''[[Censorship]]:''' [[Tools of censorship]], [[Censorability]], [[Fairness Doctrine]], [[Liberal censorship]], [[Media censorship]]
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| − | ----
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| − | * '''[[Perpetual war | The Perpetual War]]:''' [[War on Drugs]], [[War on Terror]] and the [[Police state]]
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| − | * '''Domestic [[Mass surveillance | Mass Surveillance]] of Law-Abiding [[Citizen]]s:''' via [[Utah Data Center]], [[PRISM]], [[NSA]]-[[DHS]]-[[BATF]]-[[FBI]]-[[CIA]] and other [[Intelligence agency | Intelligence agencies]]' [[Computer surveillance]], [[Eavesdropping]], [[Data mining]], [[Spyware]], [[Wiretap]] - [[Roving wiretap]], [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act]] of the [[Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]], [[NSA warrantless surveillance controversy]], [[National security letter]], [[Patriot Act]], [[NDAA]], [[Executive Order]]s, [[United States Census]], [[Common Core]], "[[Stasi]]"-like [[secret police]] "[[If You See Something, Say Something]]" [[informant]]s, and other exponential expansion of the [[Police State]]
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| − | * '''[[Asset forfeiture | Asset Forfeiture]]:''' [[Confiscation]] for [[Police]] [[budget deficit]] via [[RICO]]
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| − | * '''[[Militarization of police | Militarization of Police]]:''' [[SWAT]] and [[Pre-dawn raid | Pre-dawn]] [[No-knock raid]]s, [[Sneak and peek warrant]]
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| − | * '''[[War on Drugs]]:''' [[Addiction]] and [[Drug trafficking]] of the [[Drug cartel]]s, [[Mafia]], [[Gangs]], [[Drug dealer]]s, [[Hollywood values]] - [[Fashion industry values]] - [[Public school values]] - [[Professor values]]
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| − | * '''[[Computer crime | Computer Crime]] and [[Cyberwarfare]]:'''
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| − | ** '''[[Hackers]]:''' [[China]], [[Russia]] and others
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| − | ** [[Bradley Manning]] - [[Homosexual]] [[Hacker]] [[Traitor]] of [[State secret]]s
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| − | ** [[Wikileaks]] and [[Julian Assange]] - [[Australia]]n [[leftist]] [[hacker]]
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| − | * '''Dangers of [[Social media | Social Media]]:''' Facebook, Twitter, [[Google | Google Plus]], [[YouTube]], [[Yahoo]]
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| − | * '''[[Big government | Big Government]]''': [[Liberal values|Liberal]] [[ObamaCare]]-[[Common Core]]-[[Social Security]] [[Welfare state]] leads to [[Nanny state]], leads to [[Gun control]], [[Militarization of police]], [[Asset forfeiture]] and Domestic [[mass surveillance]] of law-abiding [[citizen]]s via the '''[[Police state]]''': [[Globalist]]-[[United Nations]]-[[Statist]]-[[Socialist]]-[[National Socialist]]-[[Communist]]
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| − | * '''[[Liberal totalitarianism|Liberal Totalitarianism]]'''
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| | | | |
| | + | ==References== |
| | + | {{reflist}} |
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| − | '''Contrast with:'''
| + | ==External links== |
| − | | + | |
| − | * '''[[Security]] [[Software]] and [[Security-focused operating systems | Security-Focused Operating Systems]]''' to protect [[unalienable rights | unalienable]] [[Fifth Amendment]] - [[Fourth Amendment]] [[Right to Privacy]] ([[Internet privacy]], [[Information privacy]], [[Expectation of privacy]]) and [[Second Amendment]] - [[First Amendment]] ([[Freedom of information]] and [[Political freedom]]) rights against [[unconstitutional]] [[Gun control]] - [[Internet censorship]] [[Big government]] [[Police state]], [[hackers]], and "[[5 U.S.C. § 3331|all enemies, foreign and domestic]]" of [[American values | American]] [[liberty]].
| + | |
| − | ** '''[[Anonymity]] with [[Tails (operating system)|Tails Operating System]]''': [[Linux]]-based with [[Tor (anonymity network)]], [[Firefox]] [[Iceweasel]] [[browser]], [[HTTPS Everywhere]] [[encryption]]
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| − | ** '''[[Prism-break.org|Prism-Break.org]]''': Opt out of global data [[surveillance]] programs like [[PRISM]], [[ECHELON]], [[XKeyscore]] and [[Tempora]].<ref>"Help make [[mass surveillance]] of entire populations uneconomical! We all have an [[unalienable right]] to [[privacy]], which you can exercise today by [[encrypting]] your communications and ending your reliance on proprietary products and services."</ref>
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| − | ** '''[[Open source | Open Source]] [[Free software]]''' not over-priced tracking by [[Microsoft]]-[[Apple]]-[[Google]]-[[Android]]
| + | |
| − | * '''[[Privacy search engines | Privacy Search Engines]]: [[Duck Duck Go]]''' and [[Ixquick]]: [[Privacy]]-oriented [[Search engine]]s instead of tracking by [[Google]], [[Yahoo]] and [[Bing]]
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| − | * '''[[Internet anonymity | Internet Anonymity]] - [[Right to be forgotten]] [[Pseudonymity]]''' ([[Pseudonym]]) using [[Anonymous web browsing]] with [[Tails]] and [[VPN]] ([[Virtual Private Network]]), [[HMA]], [[OpenVPN]] and [[IPsec]] , [[Proxy server]]s, [[Anonymizer]] ([[Anonymous proxies]])
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| − | ** '''[[Mozilla Firefox]]''' with [[Browser extension]]s instead of [[Microsoft]] [[Internet Explorer]], [[Google Chrome]], [[Safari (web browser)]] and [[Opera (web browser)]]
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| − | ** '''[[Browser security | Browser Security]]''' via [[HTTPS Everywhere]] ([[HTTPS]] ([[HTTP Secure]]) instead of [[Plaintext]] ([[Cleartext]]) [[HTTP]]; and [[NoScript]] to stop [[JavaScript]]
| + | |
| − | ** '''[[Ad filtering | Ad Filtering]]''' ([[Privacy mode]] and [[Adblock Plus]] or [[Ghostery]]) to stop [[Ad tracking]] - [[Website visitor tracking]] via [[Geolocation]], [[Geotargeting]], [[Personally identifiable information]] and [[Device fingerprint]]s
| + | |
| − | * '''[[Internet safety | Internet Safety]], [[Computer security | Computer Security]] via [[Password strength]] and [[Password manager]]s''' via [[KeePass]] or [[LastPass]] and [[Antivirus]]-[[Firewall]]
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| − | * '''[[Secure communication | Secure Communication]]:'''
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| − | ** '''[[E-mail privacy | E-mail Privacy]] and [[Email encryption | Email Encryption]]:''' [[Claws Mail]] or [[Enigmail]] or [[Kontact]] using [[Hushmail]] or [[MyKolab]], [[Anonymous remailer]], instead of tracking by [[Microsoft Outlook]], [[Mozilla Thunderbird]] using [[Yahoo! Mail]], [[Gmail]] [[iCloud]]
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| − | ** '''[[Secure messaging | Secure Messaging]] and [[Off-the-Record Messaging]] via [[I2P]]''' [[Instant messaging]], [[Cryptocat]], [[Bitmessage]] instead of [[Skype]], [[Yahoo! Messenger]], [[Internet Relay Chat]], [[Google Plus]], Facebook
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| − | ** '''[[Silent Phone]] with [[Silent Circle]]''' instead of [[Android]] or [[iPhone]] [[Smartphone]]
| + | |
| − | ** '''[[OPSEC]]:''' "[[Loose lips sink ships]]"
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| − | * '''[[Encryption]]:''' [[Encryption software]], [[Disk encryption software]], [[LUKS]] or [[TrueCrypt]] instead of [[Microsoft]] [[BitLocker]], [[PGP]] and [[GNU Privacy Guard]], [[Data encryption]], [[Public-key encryption]], [[Cryptography]]-[[Cryptanalysis]]-[[Cryptology]]-[[Steganography]]
| + | |
| − | * '''[[Peer-to-peer | Peer-to-Peer]]:''' [[Sneakernet]], [[Friend-to-friend]], [[Darknet (file sharing)]], [[Anonymous P2P]] instead of [[BitTorrent]]
| + | |
| − | * '''[[Deep Web]] - [[Dark Internet]]:''' [[Tor]], [[AmRD]], [[Tor2web]], [[The Hidden Wiki]], [[Anonymous blog]]
| + | |
| − | * '''[[Cryptocurrency]]-[[Digital currency | Digital Currency]]-[[Alternative currency | Alternative Currency]]-[[Virtual currency | Virtual Currency]]: [[Bitcoin]]''' and [[Hard money]]-[[Precious metals]]-[[Tangibles]] versus [[PayPal]], [[Credit cards]] and [[inflation]]-prone [[Dollar (U.S.)|U.S. Dollars]]: [[Federal Reserve System]]'s [[Keynesian economics]] [[Ponzi scheme]] of [[Quantitative easing]]-[[Debt monetization]] [[devaluation]] of [[Fiat currency]] through [[Money supply]]-[[Treasury bill]]s bought mostly by [[China]] and [[Japan]]
| + | |
| − | ----
| + | |
| − | * '''[[Privacy resources | Privacy Resources]]:'''
| + | |
| − | ** ''[[Hologram of Liberty]]'' - The Constitution's Shocking Alliance With Big Government by [[Boston T. Party]] - [[Kenneth W. Royce]]
| + | |
| − | ** ''[[One Nation, Under Surveillance]] - Privacy From the Watchful Eye'' by [[Boston T. Party]]
| + | |
| − | ** ''[[How to Be Invisible]] - Protect Your Home, Your Children, Your Assets, and Your Life'', by [[J. J. Luna]]
| + | |
| − | ** '''[[Electronic Frontier Foundation]]''' and [[Electronic Privacy Information Center]], [[Oath Keepers]], [[Judicial Watch]]
| + | |
| − | ** '''[[Freedom of Information Act]]''', [[Electronic Communications Privacy Act]] of 1986 and [[Privacy Act of 1974]]
| + | |
| − | ** '''[[Edward J. Snowden]] Revelations''' of [[unconstitutional]] domestic spying on law-abiding [[American]] [[citizen]]s; [[GlobaLeaks]]
| + | |
| − | ----
| + | |
| − | * '''[[Crypto-libertarianism]] [[Limited government]]''' implies: [[Conservative values]]/[[Traditional values]] - [[Modern conservatism]] - [[Preparedness | Modern preparedness]] are the original [[American]] [[Patriot]] [[Founding Fathers]]' values
| + | |
| − | ** [[Capitalism]] and [[Free enterprise]]
| + | |
| − | ** [[Family values]] and [[Parental rights]]: [[Sanctity of life]], [[Family]]-[[Marriage]], [[Homeschooling]] teaching [[Virtue]], [[Patriotism]], [[Duty]], and [[Self-reliance]]
| + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | | + | |
| − | ==External Links== | + | |
| | * http://Cisco.com | | * http://Cisco.com |
| − | * https://charlescarrollsociety.com/2013/06/10/prism-yes-they-can
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| − | * https://prism-break.org/en - "Opt out of global data surveillance programs like [[PRISM]], [[XKeyscore]] and [[Tempora]]."<ref>"Help make [[mass surveillance]] of entire populations uneconomical. We all have a [[right to privacy]], which you can exercise today by [[encrypt]]ing your communications and ending your reliance on proprietary services."</ref>
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| − | * https://www.eff.org - "Leading the fight against the [[NSA]]'s illegal [[mass surveillance]] program"<ref>"Organization formed in 1990 to maintain and enhance intellectual freedom, privacy, and other values of civil liberties and democracy in networked communications. Publishes newsletters, Internet Guidebooks and other documents, provides mailing lists and other online forums, and hosts a large electronic document archive. Contact: info@eff.org. 454 Shotwell Street, San Francisco, CA 94110-1914. Tel: (415) 436-9333. Fax: (415) 436-9993. Executive Director: Sheryl Steele."</ref>
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| − | ==References==
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| − | {{reflist|2}}
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| − |
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| − | ==Additional Reading==
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| − | * [http://www.intel.com/technology/timeline.pdf Sixty Years of the Transistor - Intel]<br />
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| − | * [http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_11/tuomi/ The Lives and Death of Moore's Law]
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| − | [[Category:Communications]] | + | [[Category:Networking]] |
| − | [[Category:Cryptography]]
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| − | [[Category:Technology]]
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| − | [[Category:Internet]]
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| − | [[Category:Information technology]]
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| − | [[Category:Computers]]
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| − | [[Category:Computer Science]]
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| − | [[Category:Apple Inc.]]
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| − | [[Category:Inventions]]
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| − | [[Category:American Inventions]]
| + | |
A router works by having a unique address on each port and a map of the network in an internal table. The router reads a packet from an incoming port, looks it up in the table, and sends it out the appropriate port. Routers use IP addresses to communicate, and also to isolate broadcast traffic.
There are a number of protocols for managing the network address tables of the routers.
A bridge is similar to a router but no address table is used. All traffic in one port goes out the other port.
