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→Manual-focus
===Manual-focus===
===Manual-focus===
This type of camera is exactly as the name implies: the photographer must make a physical adjustment to the lens or other part of the camera to get the subject into focus. The oldest film cameras, such as daguerreotypes, and their view camera descendants had a large portion of the camera sliding forward or back (such as on a rail) to adjust the focus. Later models appearing around the turn of the 20th century, such as monorail and field cameras, adjusted the focus by sliding the lens on a rail. In practice, view cameras are large and cumbersome, with tripod mounts a mandatory accessory, but the end result is a highly-detailed, very crisp photograph, in part due to the medium and large format film used. One of these cameras, a very portable, medium-format camera nicknamed the "press camera" due to those who used it for newspapers and publications, enjoyed widespread use and popularity throughout much of the 20th century until supplanted by SLRs; photographic enthusiasts still use them for their superior image quality.
This type of camera is exactly as the name implies: the photographer must make a physical adjustment to the lens or other part of the camera to get the subject into focus. The oldest film cameras, such as daguerreotypes, and their view camera descendants had a large portion of the camera sliding forward or back (such as on a rail) to adjust the focus. Later models appearing around the turn of the 20th century, such as monorail and field cameras, adjusted the focus by sliding the lens on a rail. In practice, view cameras are large and cumbersome, with tripod mounts a mandatory accessory, but the end result is a highly-detailed, very crisp photograph, in part due to the medium and large format film used. One of these cameras, a very portable, medium-format camera nicknamed the "press camera" due to those who used it for newspapers and publications, enjoyed widespread use and popularity throughout much of the 20th century until supplanted by SLRs; photographic enthusiasts still use them for their superior image quality.
London Stereoscopic Company of London produced the first model of a "twin-lens reflex" camera for commercial distribution in 1885. What this meant for photographers was a more convenient way to take photographs: two lenses were pointed at the subject; one lens on a direct path from the subject to the film; the other acting as a viewfinder, and the photographer operating a single dial to bring both into focus prior to the shutter being snapped. Despite some flaws, such as a mechanical mirror which flipped out of the way when the shutter was released, causing blurs onto some pictures, this type of camera was considered a revolution in photography, leading to smaller sizes to rival the Brownie and one of the best cameras ever marketed: 1929's Rolleiflex, by the Franke & Heidecke Company of Germany.
TLR cameras have both advantages and disadvantages over competing designs. They used type 120 or 220 roll film and expose negatives in 6 × 6 format, with some smaller models using 127 roll film and with an image format of 4 cm × 4 cm. The fixed mirror is simpler and cheaper than elaborate oscillating mirror designs of single-lens reflex cameras and still allows, in contrast to point-and-shoot cameras, the assessment of the focal plane. Due to the lack of mirror mechanics, these cameras are very quiet in operation and work largely vibration-free. In addition, the viewfinder image remains visible during the recording, so that the photographer has full control of what is happening at all times, such as when the photographer blinks when taking a picture. The viewfinder itself is large enough to be viewed with both eyes, which simplifies the picture composition; its placement on top of the camera forces the photographer to look downwards into it, seemingly away from the subject being taken, adding the benefit of going virtually unnoticed. The design of the camera was compact and lightweight, making it ideal for travel photography.
Lack of interchangeable lenses, filter use, reversed-image when viewing, and most notably viewfinder parallax are seen as the disadvantages of the TLR, which enjoyed great popularity in the first half of the 20th century, and resulted in other manufacturers making equally good copies of the original Rolleiflex.
== See also ==
== See also ==