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| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1953 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1953 |
| | | James Watson , Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins determine the structure of DNA. Receive Nobel Prize in 1962. | | | James Watson , Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins determine the structure of DNA. Receive Nobel Prize in 1962. |
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1953
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| − | | Hans Adolf Krebs discovers the biochemical steps of the Krebs cycle in carbohydrate metabolism.
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| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1954 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1954 |
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| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1957 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1957 |
| | | D. Carlton Gajdusek demonstrates the slow infectious nature of the disease kuru, which is later shown to be caused by a prion. | | | D. Carlton Gajdusek demonstrates the slow infectious nature of the disease kuru, which is later shown to be caused by a prion. |
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1957
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| − | | Daniel Bovet receives the Nobel Prize for the development of antihistamines.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1959
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| − | | Severo Ochoa and Arthur Kornberg receive Nobel Prize for discoveries on the synthesis ofDNA and RNA.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1960
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| − | | Rene Dubos works on antimicrobial agents and environmental protection F. M. Burnet and Peter B. Medawar receive Nobel Prize for the discovery of acquired immunological tolerance.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1960
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| − | | "Ames Test" to screen for mutagens developed by Bruce Ames.
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| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1969 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1969 |
| | | Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey and Salvadore E. Luria receive Nobel Prize for describing the mechanism of viral infection of bacterial cells. | | | Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey and Salvadore E. Luria receive Nobel Prize for describing the mechanism of viral infection of bacterial cells. |
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1970
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| − | | Hamilton Smith reports the discovery of the first restriction enzyme.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1971
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| − | | Theodor Diener demonstrates the fundamental differences between viroids and viruses.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1973
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| − | | Herbert Boyer and Stanley Cohen, using plasmids, are the first to clone DNA.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1975
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| − | | Cesar Milsein, Georges Kohler, and Niels Kai Jerne develop the technique for making monoclonal antibodies.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1976
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| − | | Michael Bishop and Harold Varmus discover the cancer-causing genes, called oncogenes, and find that such genes are in normal tissues.
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| | |- valign="TOP" | | |- valign="TOP" |
| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1977 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1977 |
| | | Carl Woese classifies all life into three domains. | | | Carl Woese classifies all life into three domains. |
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1977
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| − | | Rosalyn S. Yalow, R.C.I. Guillemin and A.V. Schally receive the Nobel Prize for developing the radioimmunossay (RIA) techniques; and using RIA to analyze peptide hormones in the brain.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1978
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| − | | Daniel Nathans, H.O. Smith and Werner Arber receive Nobel Prize for using restriction enzymes to map viral genomes.
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| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1980 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1980 |
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| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1980 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1980 |
| | | The World Health Organization declares eradication of smallpox in the world. | | | The World Health Organization declares eradication of smallpox in the world. |
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1982
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| − | | Stanley Prusiner isolates a protein from a slow disease infection and suggests that it might direct its own replication. He suggests the agent be termed a prion.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1983
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| − | | Luc Montagnier of France and Robert Gallo of the United States independently isolate and characterize the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) the cause of AIDS.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1983
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| − | | Kary Mullis invents the polymerase chain reaction.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1983
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| − | | Barbara McClintock receives the Nobel Prize for discovery of mobile genetic elements.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1984
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| − | | Cesar Milstein, Georges J.F. Koehler and Niels Jerne receive the Nobel Prize for developing a method for the production of large quantities of monoclonal antibodies.
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| | |- valign="TOP" | | |- valign="TOP" |
| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1987 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1987 |
| | | Susumu Tonegawa recieves Nobel Prize for work on the genetics of antibody diversity. | | | Susumu Tonegawa recieves Nobel Prize for work on the genetics of antibody diversity. |
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1994
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| − | | The Food and Drug Administration approves the first genetically engineered food for human consumption, a slower ripening tomato.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1995
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| − | | The Food and Drug Administration approves the first protease inhibitor, a major weapon against the progression of AIDS.
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| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1995 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1995 |
| | | The first complete nucleotide sequence of a bacterial chromosome is reported (Haemophilus influenzae). | | | The first complete nucleotide sequence of a bacterial chromosome is reported (Haemophilus influenzae). |
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1996
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| − | | Peter C. Doherty and Rolf M. Zindernagel receives Nobel Prize for the discovery of how the immune system recognizes virus-infected cells.
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1997
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| − | | The first complete nucleotide sequence of all of the chromosomes of eukaryote is reported (yeast).
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| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1997 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1997 |
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| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1998 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1998 |
| | | An autoimmune disease (chronic arthritis) is linked to bacterial infection. | | | An autoimmune disease (chronic arthritis) is linked to bacterial infection. |
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| − | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 1999
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| − | | Forrest Doolittle proposes that evolution proceeded through horizontal gene between the three domains.
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| | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 2000 | | | align="RIGHT" nowrap | 2000 |