Difference between revisions of "Gypsies"
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| − | '''Gypsies''' | + | '''Gypsies''', (''alt. sp.'' Gipsy) also known as 'Romani' or 'Roma'<ref>Donald Kenrick. Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies). Scarecrow Press</ref> are an inherently nomadic [[ethnic]] group centered in regions of [[Romania]], but scattered across Europe and even into the bounds of Asia. They maintain their own distinctive culture regardless of their host cultural groups. Their current population is estimated to be approximately 15 million, but accurate data remains elusive due to their nomadic lifestyle.<ref>http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf</ref> |
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| + | =Etymology= | ||
| + | Our English name of ''Gypsy'' stems from the word ''Egyptian'', as many believed that their darker skin tones indicated an Egyptian origin. Yet the vast majority of European language groups maintain variations synonymous with [[Herodotus|Herodotus']] '''Sigynnae''' (Greek:Σιγὐννας, Si-gy-nas)<ref>[[Herodotus]], ''Histories'', 5.9</ref>, a term that 5th century Greeks equated with "hucksters", small trader; a term most consistent with stereotypical depictions of this cultural group. [[Herodotus]] also notes that their name was also used in [[Cyprus]] for "spears".<ref>[[Herodotus]], ''Histories'', 5.9</ref> | ||
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| + | ==Language Group Examples== | ||
| + | Below is a list of some of the larger language groups with their local spellings and English transliterations (for non-latin text), clearly showing that their name has varied little in Europe from the 5th century BC Greek Σιγὐννας ('''Sigynnae''')<ref>[[Herodotus]], ''Histories'', 5.9</ref>: | ||
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| + | Bulgarian: циганин, '''tsiganin'''; Romanian: '''țigan'''; Serbian: циганин, '''ciganin'''; Macedonian: циган, '''cigan'''; Russian: цыганка, '''tsyganka'''; Ukranian: циганка, '''tsyhanka'''; Albanian: '''cigan'''; Croatian: '''ciganka'''; Czech: '''cikán'''; Slovak: '''cikán'''; Slovenian: '''ciganka'''; Lithuanian: '''čigonas'''; Latvian: '''čigāniete'''; Turkish: '''Çingene'''; German: '''Zigeuner''' (masculine) & '''Zigeunerin''' (feminine); Polish: '''cygański'''; Hungarian: '''cigány'''; Italian: '''zingaro''' (masculine) '''zingara''' (feminine); Danish: '''sigøjner'''; Norwegian: '''sigøyner'''; Swedish: '''zigenare'''; Fresian: '''sigeuner'''; Dutch: '''zigeuner'''; Luxembourgish: '''Zigeinerin'''; Portugese: '''cigano''' (masculine) '''cigana''' (feminine); Esperanto: '''cigano'''. | ||
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| + | =History= | ||
| + | ==Origins== | ||
| + | There are some such as Kenrick who claim that the ''Gypsies'' originated from present day [[Rajasthan]]<ref>Donald Kenrick. Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies). Scarecrow Press</ref> in [[India]] who fled over 1000 years ago due to Islamic Invasions.<ref>https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/08/why-do-the-roma-wander.html</ref>. Yet 5th century etymological usage (which has broadly passed to most relevant language groups) and reference to their expansive existence within Europe at that time can not be denied, necessitating a much older origin. | ||
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| + | More classically, [[Herodotus]] claimed that the Sigynnae/Gypsies were colonists from [[Medes|Media]] and that they still even in his day wore Median attire. He also understood that they predominantly lived north of the [[Danube|Ister]] but could be found as far as [[Venice]]. This position is more consistent with their physical form. | ||
==Persecution of Gypsies== | ==Persecution of Gypsies== | ||
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Some work has been carried out, however, to encourage integration; in the [[UK]], under the [[Human Rights Act 1998]], for example, the subsidized purchase of greenfield sites is being discussed, to give Romani and other Travellers accommodation. | Some work has been carried out, however, to encourage integration; in the [[UK]], under the [[Human Rights Act 1998]], for example, the subsidized purchase of greenfield sites is being discussed, to give Romani and other Travellers accommodation. | ||
| − | + | =References= | |
<references/> | <references/> | ||
Revision as of 04:46, January 16, 2021
Gypsies, (alt. sp. Gipsy) also known as 'Romani' or 'Roma'[1] are an inherently nomadic ethnic group centered in regions of Romania, but scattered across Europe and even into the bounds of Asia. They maintain their own distinctive culture regardless of their host cultural groups. Their current population is estimated to be approximately 15 million, but accurate data remains elusive due to their nomadic lifestyle.[2]
Etymology
Our English name of Gypsy stems from the word Egyptian, as many believed that their darker skin tones indicated an Egyptian origin. Yet the vast majority of European language groups maintain variations synonymous with Herodotus' Sigynnae (Greek:Σιγὐννας, Si-gy-nas)[3], a term that 5th century Greeks equated with "hucksters", small trader; a term most consistent with stereotypical depictions of this cultural group. Herodotus also notes that their name was also used in Cyprus for "spears".[4]
Language Group Examples
Below is a list of some of the larger language groups with their local spellings and English transliterations (for non-latin text), clearly showing that their name has varied little in Europe from the 5th century BC Greek Σιγὐννας (Sigynnae)[5]:
Bulgarian: циганин, tsiganin; Romanian: țigan; Serbian: циганин, ciganin; Macedonian: циган, cigan; Russian: цыганка, tsyganka; Ukranian: циганка, tsyhanka; Albanian: cigan; Croatian: ciganka; Czech: cikán; Slovak: cikán; Slovenian: ciganka; Lithuanian: čigonas; Latvian: čigāniete; Turkish: Çingene; German: Zigeuner (masculine) & Zigeunerin (feminine); Polish: cygański; Hungarian: cigány; Italian: zingaro (masculine) zingara (feminine); Danish: sigøjner; Norwegian: sigøyner; Swedish: zigenare; Fresian: sigeuner; Dutch: zigeuner; Luxembourgish: Zigeinerin; Portugese: cigano (masculine) cigana (feminine); Esperanto: cigano.
History
Origins
There are some such as Kenrick who claim that the Gypsies originated from present day Rajasthan[6] in India who fled over 1000 years ago due to Islamic Invasions.[7]. Yet 5th century etymological usage (which has broadly passed to most relevant language groups) and reference to their expansive existence within Europe at that time can not be denied, necessitating a much older origin.
More classically, Herodotus claimed that the Sigynnae/Gypsies were colonists from Media and that they still even in his day wore Median attire. He also understood that they predominantly lived north of the Ister but could be found as far as Venice. This position is more consistent with their physical form.
Persecution of Gypsies
Gypsy people have long suffered from prejudice and discrimination; one of the first concrete examples would be the laws passed in Moldavia and Wallachia which stated that any Romani on those countries' soil would automatically become a slave.
Discriminatory laws were passed in many other countries as well; in Western Europe during the 15th century Ottoman invasion, in Argentina in 1880, and even the USA in 1885 passed laws restricting Gypsy immigration.[8] Forced assimilation, and the abduction of children, was also practiced, in countries such as Norway, where 1500 Romani children were removed by the state from their parents[9] (under the, albeit later, Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, such actions are classified as attempted genocide).
Romani also suffered a great deal under the Holocaust; approximately 1,000,000[10] of them were killed during it, a sizable fraction, in a period known as the 'Porajmos'. In the Bohemia region, this mass murder was so thorough that their culture and language became extinct there.
In the present day, they are often accused of pickpocketing and theft (it was such accusations, made in 1905, that precipitated the Porajmos[11]); this has led to persecution and other human rights abuses.[12][13]
Some work has been carried out, however, to encourage integration; in the UK, under the Human Rights Act 1998, for example, the subsidized purchase of greenfield sites is being discussed, to give Romani and other Travellers accommodation.
References
- ↑ Donald Kenrick. Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies). Scarecrow Press
- ↑ http://europeandcis.undp.org/uploads/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf
- ↑ Herodotus, Histories, 5.9
- ↑ Herodotus, Histories, 5.9
- ↑ Herodotus, Histories, 5.9
- ↑ Donald Kenrick. Historical Dictionary of the Gypsies (Romanies). Scarecrow Press
- ↑ https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2010/08/why-do-the-roma-wander.html
- ↑ http://www.geocities.com/Paris/5121/timeline.htm
- ↑ http://www2.wcc-coe.org/ccdocuments.nsf/index/plen-4.4-en.html
- ↑ http://www.radoc.net:8088/RADOC-3-PORR.htm
- ↑ Alfred Dillmann. Zigeuner-Buch. Munich: Wildsche (1905)
- ↑ http://web.amnesty.org/wire/February2002/Europe_Roma
- ↑ http://www.socialniprava.info/article1607.html