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'''Stephen Johnson Field''' (November 4, 1816 - April 9, 1899) was an [[Associate Justice]] on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] for 34 years, 9 months.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chicago-Kent School of Law|url=https://www.oyez.org/justices/stephen_j_field|work=Oyez|language=English|title=Stephen J Field}}</ref> President [[Abraham Lincoln]] appointed him to the [[California]] Supreme Court in 1863 for his expertise in Mexican land law, which under the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] remained in effect in California, and to the U.S. Supreme Court for his pro-Union (Civil War) stance.<ref name="jrank">{{cite web|url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/6875/Field-Stephen-Johnson.html|language=English|title=Stephen Johnson Field|work=law.jrank}}</ref>

'''Stephen Johnson Field''' (November 4, 1816 - April 9, 1899) was an [[Associate Justice]] on the [[Supreme Court of the United States]] for 34 years, 9 months.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chicago-Kent School of Law|url=https://www.oyez.org/justices/stephen_j_field|work=Oyez|language=English|title=Stephen J Field}}</ref> President [[Abraham Lincoln]] appointed him to the Supreme Court in 1863 for his expertise in Mexican land law, which under the [[Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo]] remained in effect in California, and to the U.S. Supreme Court for his pro-Union (Civil War) stance.<ref name="jrank">{{cite web|url=http://law.jrank.org/pages/6875/Field-Stephen-Johnson.html|language=English|title=Stephen Johnson Field|work=law.jrank}}</ref>

He was a [[conservative]] justice - a prime advocate of the substantive due process theory - which at the time was used to protect property rights, though in a modern sense has been used by [[liberals]] as justification for the "privacy right" on which cases such as [[Griswold v. Connecticut]], [[Roe v. Wade]] and [[Casey v. Planned Parenthood]] are based.<ref name="jrank"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/psylawseminar/Substantive%20Due%20Process.htm|work=Stanford|title=Substantive Due Process|language=English}}</ref> He dissented in the ''Slaughter-House Cases'', which upheld a [[Louisiana]] law that allowed for a [[monopoly]], and also from ''Munn v. Illinois'', in which the majoriy affirmed that [[Illinois]] had the right to fix maximum storage rates charged by grain elevators and public warehouses.<ref name="jrank"/> Later, the rest of the Court would adopt Field's pro-[[free enterprise]] attitude.<ref name="jrank"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_field.html|language=English|work=PBS|title=Stephen Johnson Field}}</ref>

He was a [[conservative]] justice - a prime advocate of the substantive due process theory - which at the time was used to protect property rights, though in a modern sense has been used by [[liberals]] as justification for the "privacy right" on which cases such as [[Griswold v. Connecticut]], [[Roe v. Wade]] and [[Casey v. Planned Parenthood]] are based.<ref name="jrank"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/psylawseminar/Substantive%20Due%20Process.htm|work=Stanford|title=Substantive Due Process|language=English}}</ref> He dissented in the ''Slaughter-House Cases'', which upheld a [[Louisiana]] law that allowed for a [[monopoly]], and also from ''Munn v. Illinois'', in which the majoriy affirmed that [[Illinois]] had the right to fix maximum storage rates charged by grain elevators and public warehouses.<ref name="jrank"/> Later, the rest of the Court would adopt Field's pro-[[free enterprise]] attitude.<ref name="jrank"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/personality/robes_field.html|language=English|work=PBS|title=Stephen Johnson Field}}</ref>