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Line 1: − {{Short description|Gender identity other than sex assigned at birth}}+ − {{pp-vandalism|small=yes}} − [[File:Transgender Pride flag.svg|thumb|The [[transgender flag|transgender pride flag]]]] − {{LGBT sidebar}} − {{Transgender sidebar}} − − Being transgender is distinct from [[sexual orientation]].<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--staff writers--> |title=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health: Transgender Persons |url=https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/transgender.htm |date=September 29, 2020 |website=CDC |publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services |access-date=21 November 2020 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218143833/https://www.cdc.gov/lgbthealth/transgender.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Transgender people may identify as [[heterosexual]] (straight), [[homosexual]] (gay or lesbian), [[bisexual]], [[asexuality|asexual]], or otherwise, or may decline to label their sexual orientation. The opposite of ''transgender'' is ''[[cisgender]]'', which describes persons whose gender identity matches their assigned sex.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blank|first=Paula|date=2014-09-24|title=Will the Word "Cisgender" Ever Go Mainstream?|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/09/cisgenders-linguistic-uphill-battle/380342/|access-date=2021-08-14|website=The Atlantic|language=en|archive-date=2018-05-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081542/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/09/cisgenders-linguistic-uphill-battle/380342/|url-status=live}}</ref>+ + − The degree to which individuals feel genuine, authentic, and comfortable within their external appearance and accept their genuine identity has been called ''transgender congruence''.<ref name="10.1177/0361684312442161">{{cite journal|last1=Kozee|first1=H. B.|last2=Tylka|first2=T. L.|last3=Bauerband|first3=L. A.|year=2012|title=Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/f2bf1550e882125f22f7b182b383d249ab05c7ac|journal=Psychology of Women Quarterly|volume=36|issue=2|pages=179–196|doi=10.1177/0361684312442161|s2cid=10564167|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-date=2021-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305072601/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Measuring-Transgender-Individuals%E2%80%99-Comfort-With-and-Kozee-Tylka/f2bf1550e882125f22f7b182b383d249ab05c7ac|url-status=live}}</ref> Many transgender people experience [[gender dysphoria]], and some seek medical treatments such as [[Transgender hormone therapy|hormone replacement therapy]], [[sex reassignment surgery]], or [[psychotherapy]].<ref name="Maizes">Maizes, Victoria. ''Integrative Women's Health'' (2015, {{ISBN|0190214805}}), p. 745: "Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria{{snd}}distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Treatment for gender dysphoria, considered to be highly effective, includes physical, medical, and/or surgical treatments [...] some [transgender people] may not choose to transition at all."</ref> Not all transgender people desire these treatments, and some cannot undergo them for financial or medical reasons.<ref name="Maizes" /><ref>{{cite web|date=1 May 2009|title=Understanding Transgender People FAQ|url=http://www.transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-transgender-people-faq|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422081846/http://www.transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-transgender-people-faq|archive-date=22 April 2016|access-date=20 April 2016|website=National Center for Transgender Equality}}</ref>+ − Many transgender people [[Transgender discrimination|face discrimination]] in the workplace<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lombardi|first1=Emilia L.|last2=Anne Wilchins|first2=Riki|last3=Priesing|first3=Dana|last4=Malouf|first4=Diana|date=October 2008|title=Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination|journal=Journal of Homosexuality|volume=42|issue=1|pages=89–101|doi=10.1300/J082v42n01_05|pmid=11991568|s2cid=34886642}}</ref> and in accessing public accommodations<ref name="GLAAD-public-services">{{cite web |website=Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation |url=http://glaadblog.org/2011/02/04/groundbreaking-report-reflects-persistent-discrimination-against-transgender-community/ |title=Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community |date=February 4, 2011 |access-date=December 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803205502/http://glaadblog.org/2011/02/04/groundbreaking-report-reflects-persistent-discrimination-against-transgender-community/ |archive-date=August 3, 2011}}</ref> and healthcare.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bradford|first1=Judith|last2=Reisner|first2=Sari L.|last3=Honnold|first3=Julie A.|last4=Xavier|first4=Jessica|date=2013|title=Experiences of Transgender-Related Discrimination and Implications for Health: Results From the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=103|issue=10|pages=1820–1829|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796|pmc=3780721|pmid=23153142}}</ref> In many places, they are not legally protected from discrimination.<ref name="Whittle, Stephen 2002">{{cite book | last=Whittle | first=Stephen | title=Respect and equality : transsexual and transgender rights | publisher=Cavendish Pub | publication-place=London Portland, OR | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-85941-743-0 | oclc=810082841 | page=}}</ref>+ − [[File:2017.05.13 -HeroesGala2017 Capital Pride Washington DC, USA 4854 (34519692261).jpg (cropped).jpg|thumb|Transgender friends in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=DiGuglielmo |first1=Joey |title=Querry: Bianca Rey |url=https://www.washingtonblade.com/2016/05/11/queery-bianca-rey/ |access-date=28 November 2020 |work=Washington Blade |date=11 May 2016 |archive-date=7 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007082248/https://www.washingtonblade.com/2016/05/11/queery-bianca-rey/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Griggs |first1=Brandon |title=America's transgender moment |url=https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/23/living/transgender-moment-jenner-feat/index.html |access-date=28 November 2020 |work=CNN |date=1 June 2015 |quote=Hayden Mora, deputy chief of staff at the Human Rights Campaign and a transgender man.... |archive-date=9 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309201637/https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/23/living/transgender-moment-jenner-feat/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]]+ + + + − == Terminology ==+ − Before the mid-20th century various terms were used within and beyond Western medical and psychological sciences to identify persons and identities labeled ''transsexual'', and later ''transgender'' from mid-century onward.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-22 |title=GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Transgender People |url=https://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |access-date=2022-03-20 |website=GLAAD |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Polly |first=Nicole J |title=Understanding the transsexual patient: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice |journal=Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal}}</ref> Imported from the German and ultimately modelled after German ''Transsexualismus'' (coined in 1923),<ref>Hirschfeld, Magnus; "Die intersexuelle Konstitution" in ''[[Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen]]'' 1923.</ref> the English term ''transsexual'' has enjoyed international acceptability, though ''transgender'' (1965, by J. Oliven<ref>{{Cite book |last=Oliven |first=John F. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gw4-AQAAIAAJ |title=Sexual hygiene and pathology: a manual for the physician and the professions |date=1965 |publisher=Lippincott |oclc=264364221 |access-date=2020-08-22 |archive-date=2020-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002153115/https://books.google.com/books?id=gw4-AQAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}</ref>) has been increasingly preferred{{citation needed|date=June 2021}} over ''transsexual''. − === ''Transgender'' ===+ − Psychiatrist John F. Oliven of [[Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons|Columbia University]] coined the term ''transgender'' in his 1965 reference work ''Sexual Hygiene and Pathology'',<ref>{{Cite book|last=Oliven|first=John F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gw4-AQAAIAAJ|title=Sexual hygiene and pathology: a manual for the physician and the professions|date=1965|publisher=Lippincott|language=en|access-date=2020-08-22|archive-date=2020-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201002153115/https://books.google.com/books?id=gw4-AQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> writing that the term which had previously been used, ''[[transsexual]]ism'', "is misleading; actually, 'transgenderism' is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism."<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Oliven|first1=John F.|year=1965|title=Sexual Hygiene and Pathology|journal=The American Journal of the Medical Sciences|volume=250|issue=2|pages=235|doi=10.1097/00000441-196508000-00054}}: "Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments, and becomes an urge for gender ("sex") change, transvestism becomes "transsexualism." The term is misleading; actually, "transgenderism" is what is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism. Psychologically, the transsexual often differs from the simple cross-dresser; he is conscious at all times of a strong desire to be a woman, and the urge can be truly consuming.", p. 514</ref><ref name="Rawson">{{cite journal|last1=Rawson|first1=K. J.|last2=Williams|first2=Cristan|date=2014|title=Transgender: The Rhetorical Landscape of a term|url=http://www.presenttensejournal.org/volume-3/transgender-the-rhetorical-landscape-of-a-term/|url-status=live|journal=Present Tense: A Journal of Rhetoric in Society|volume=3|issue=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515040154/http://www.presenttensejournal.org/volume-3/transgender-the-rhetorical-landscape-of-a-term/|archive-date=2017-05-15|access-date=2017-05-18}}</ref> The term ''transgender'' was then popularized with varying definitions by various transgender, transsexual, and transvestite people, including [[Virginia Prince]],<ref name="Bevan"/> who used it in the December 1969 issue of ''Transvestia'', a national magazine for cross-dressers she founded.<ref name="TGP">{{cite book|last1=Elkins|first1=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8eHAAAAIAAJ|title=The Transgender Phenomenon|last2=King|first2=Dave|publisher=Sage|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7619-7163-4|pages=13–14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926071354/https://books.google.com/books?id=R8eHAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=2015-09-26|url-status=live}}</ref> By the mid-1970s both ''trans-gender'' and ''trans people'' were in use as [[umbrella term]]s,<ref group="note">* In April 1970, ''TV Guide'' published an article which referenced a post-operative transsexual movie character as being "transgendered."({{cite magazine|date=April 26, 1970|title=Sunday Highlights|url=http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/25/1970-transgendered/|url-status=live|magazine=[[TV Guide]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120604191207/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/25/1970-transgendered/|archive-date=4 June 2012|access-date=28 May 2012|quote=[R]aquel Welch (left), moviedom's sex queen soon to be seen as the heroine/hero of Gore Vidal's transgendered "Myra Breckinridge"...}}) − * In the 1974 edition of ''Clinical Sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions'', ''transgender'' was used as an umbrella term and the Conference Report from the 1974 "National TV.TS Conference" held in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK used "trans-gender" and "trans.people" as umbrella terms.({{cite book|last=Oliven|first=John F.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-lrAAAAMAAJ|title=Clinical sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions|publisher=Lippincott|year=1974|isbn=978-0-397-50329-2|edition=3rd|location=University of Michigan (digitized Aug 2008)|pages=110, 484–487|quote="Transgender deviance" p 110, "Transgender research" p 484, "transgender deviates" p 485, Transvestites not welcome at "Transgender Center" p 487|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205091123/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-lrAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=2015-12-05|url-status=live}}), (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon ({{cite book|last1=Elkins|first1=Richard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R8eHAAAAIAAJ|title=The Transgender Phenomenon|last2=King|first2=Dave|publisher=Sage|year=2006|isbn=978-0-7619-7163-4|page=13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926071354/https://books.google.com/books?id=R8eHAAAAIAAJ|archive-date=2015-09-26|url-status=live}}) − * However ''A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry'' (1974) references "transgender surgery" noting, "The transvestite rarely seeks transgender surgery, since the core of his perversion is an attempt to realize the fantasy of a phallic woman."({{cite book|last=Novello|first=Joseph R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfFrAAAAMAAJ|title=A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry|publisher=C. C. Thomas|year=1974|isbn=978-0-398-02868-8|location=University of Michigan, digitized August 2008|page=176|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919152319/https://books.google.com/books?id=xfFrAAAAMAAJ|archive-date=2015-09-19|url-status=live}})</ref> while ''transgenderist'' and ''transgenderal'' were used to refer to people who wanted to live cross-gender without [[sex reassignment surgery]] (SRS).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ekins |first1=Richard |last2=King |first2=Dave |title=Towards a Sociology of Transgendered Bodies |journal=The Sociological Review |date=1999 |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=580–602 |doi=10.1111/1467-954X.00185 |s2cid=144738527 |quote=Virginia Prince pioneered the term 'transgenderist' and 'transgenderal' (Prince, 1976: 145) to refer to people who lived full-time in the gender opposite their biological sex, but did not seek sex/gender re-assignment surgery. Richard Ekins established the Trans-Gender Archive, at the University of Ulster, in 1986 (Ekins, 1988). The term was chosen to provide an umbrella concept which avoided such medical categories as transsexual and transvestite; which included the widest possible range of transgender phenomena; and which took the sociological view that aspects of sex, sexuality and gender (not just gender), including the binary divide, all have socially constructed components. Not long afterwards, the 'transgender community' came to be used as an umbrella term to include transsexuals, transvestites, transgenderists, drag queens, and so on, as well as (in some uses) to include their partners and friends and professional service providers.}}</ref> By 1976, ''transgenderist'' was abbreviated as ''TG'' in educational materials.<ref>''The Radio Times'' (1979: 2 June)</ref> − By 1984, the concept of a "transgender community" had developed, in which ''transgender'' was used as an umbrella term.<ref>{{cite news|last=Peo, TV-TS Tapestry Board of Advisors|first=Roger E|year=1984|title=The 'Origins' and 'Cures' for Transgender Behavior|newspaper=The TV-TS Tapestry|issue=2|url=http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/08/1984-transgender-community-modern-transgender-community/|url-status=live|access-date=28 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407040646/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/08/1984-transgender-community-modern-transgender-community/|archive-date=7 April 2012}}</ref> In 1985, Richard Elkins established the "Trans-Gender Archive" at the University of Ulster.<ref name=TGP /> By 1992, the International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy defined ''transgender'' as an expansive umbrella term including "transsexuals, transgenderists, cross dressers", and anyone [[transitioning (transgender)|transitioning]].<ref>{{cite web|year=1992|title=First International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy (1992)|url=http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/19/1992-international-conference-on-transgender-law-and-employment-policy/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330144938/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/03/19/1992-international-conference-on-transgender-law-and-employment-policy/|archive-date=30 March 2012|access-date=28 May 2012|work=organizational pamphlet|publisher=ICTLEP/|quote=Transgendered persons include transsexuals, transgenderists, and other crossdressers of both sexes, transitioning in either direction (male to female or female to male), of any sexual orientation, and of all races, creeds, religions, ages, and degrees of physical impediment.}}</ref> [[Leslie Feinberg]]'s pamphlet, "Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time has Come", circulated in 1992, identified ''transgender'' as a term to unify all forms of gender nonconformity; in this way ''transgender'' has become synonymous with ''[[queer]]''.<ref>Stryker, Susan. "Transgender History, Homonormativity, and Disciplinarity". Radical History Review, Vol. 2008, No. 100. (Winter 2008), pp. 145–157</ref> In 1994, gender theorist [[Susan Stryker]] defined ''transgender'' as encompassing "all identities or practices that cross over, cut across, move between, or otherwise queer socially constructed sex/gender boundaries", including, but not limited to, "transsexuality, heterosexual transvestism, gay drag, butch lesbianism, and such non-European identities as the Native American [[berdache]] or the Indian [[Hijra (South Asia)|Hijra]]".<ref name="Currah">{{cite book |last1=Currah |first1=Paisley |editor1-last=Currah |editor1-first=P. |editor2-last=Juang |editor2-first=R.M. |editor3-last=Minter |editor3-first=S. |title=Transgender Rights |date=2006 |publisher=University of Minnesota Press |isbn=978-0-8166-4312-7 |page=4 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwOKayHVwcC&q=umbrella+stryker |chapter=Gender Pluralisms under the Transgender Umbrella |access-date=2021-03-22 |archive-date=2021-05-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504201634/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwOKayHVwcC&q=umbrella+stryker |url-status=live }}</ref>+ + − Between the mid-1990s and the early 2000s, the primary terms used under the transgender umbrella were "female to male" (FtM) for men who transitioned from female to male, and "male to female" (MtF) for women who transitioned from male to female. These terms have now been superseded by "[[trans man]]" and "[[trans woman]]", respectively.<ref name="Slate 14 May 2018">{{cite news|last1=Myers|first1=Alex|date=14 May 2018|title=Trans Terminology Seems Like It's Changing All the Time. And That's a Good Thing.|language=en|work=Slate Magazine|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/05/trans-terminologys-constant-evolution-is-good-for-everyone.html|url-status=live|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515012348/https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/05/trans-terminologys-constant-evolution-is-good-for-everyone.html|archive-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> This shift in preference from terms highlighting biological sex ("transsexual", "FtM") to terms highlighting gender identity and expression ("transgender", "trans woman") reflects a broader shift in the understanding of transgender people's sense of self and the increasing recognition of those who decline medical reassignment as part of the transgender community.<ref name="Slate 14 May 2018" />+ + + − + − ''Transgendered'' is a common term in older literature; many within the transgender community now deprecate it on the basis that ''transgender'' is an adjective, not a verb.<ref name="Vincent">{{cite book |last1=Vincent |first1=Ben |title=Non-Binary Genders: Navigating Communities, Identities, and Healthcare |date=2020 |publisher=Policy Press |location=Bristol, UK |isbn=978-1-4473-5192-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V53uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17 17, note 10] }}</ref> Organizations such as [[GLAAD]] and ''[[The Guardian]]'' also state that ''transgender'' should never be used as a noun (e.g., "Max is ''transgender''" or "Max is a ''transgender man''", not "Max is ''a transgender''").<ref name="GLAAD Media Reference">{{cite web |publisher=Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) |url=https://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |title=GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender |date=9 September 2011 |access-date=25 November 2020 |quote=An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth [...] ''Transgender'' should be used as an adjective, not as a noun. Do not say, 'Tony is a transgender,' or 'The parade included many transgenders.' [...] The adjective ''transgender'' should never have an extraneous '-ed' tacked onto the end. An '-ed' suffix adds unnecessary length to the word and can cause tense confusion and grammatical errors. It also brings transgender into alignment with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer. You would not say that Elton John is 'gayed' or Ellen DeGeneres is 'lesbianed,' therefore you would not say Chaz Bono is 'transgendered.' |archive-date=13 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513215518/https://www.glaad.org/reference/transgender |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Guardian Style">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t |title=Guardian and Observer style guide: T |publisher=Guardian News & Media |location=London |date=20 November 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709224453/https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-t |archive-date=2017-07-09 |quote=[U]se transgender [...] only as an adjective: transgender person, trans person; never 'transgendered person' or 'a transgender'.}}</ref> However, ''transgender'' is also used as a noun equivalent to the broader topic of ''transgenderism'', i.e. transgender identity and experience.<ref>{{cite OED |term=transgender, adj. and n. |id=247649 |edition=3rd |date=March 2003}}</ref>+ − Health-practitioner manuals, professional journalistic [[style guide]]s, and LGBT advocacy groups advise the adoption by others of the name and pronouns identified by the person in question, including present references to the transgender person's past.<ref name="APA Complicated">{{cite web|last=Glicksman|first=Eve|date=April 2013|title=Transgender terminology: It's complicated|url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/04/complicated.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925130527/http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/04/complicated.aspx|archive-date=2013-09-25|access-date=2013-09-17|publisher=American Psychological Association|location=Vol 44, No. 4|page=39|quote=Use whatever name and gender pronoun the person prefers}}</ref><ref name="Fenway Meeting">{{cite web|title=Meeting the Health Care Needs of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender (LGBT) People: The End to LGBT Invisibility|url=http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/glbt/tfi-grand-rounds-makadon.ppt|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020025808/http://www.ama-assn.org/resources/doc/glbt/tfi-grand-rounds-makadon.ppt|archive-date=2013-10-20|access-date=2013-09-17|publisher=The Fenway Institute|page=24|format=PowerPoint Presentation|quote=Use the pronoun that matches the person's gender identity}}</ref>+ − In contrast, people whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender [[Sex assignment|assigned to them at birth]] – that is, those who are neither transgender nor non-binary or genderqueer – are called ''[[cisgender]]''.<ref name="OED definition of cisgender">{{cite web|last1=Martin|first1=Katherine|title=New words notes June 2015|url=http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/june-2015-update/new-words-notes-june-2015/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814051905/http://public.oed.com/the-oed-today/recent-updates-to-the-oed/june-2015-update/new-words-notes-june-2015/|archive-date=14 August 2015|access-date=2 August 2015|website=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref>+ + − === ''Transsexual'' ===+ − {{hatnote|See also: [[Transsexual]], especially {{format link|Transsexual#Terminology}}}} − − Inspired by [[Magnus Hirschfeld]]'s 1923 term ''seelischer Transsexualismus'', the term ''transsexual'' was introduced to English in 1949 by [[David Oliver Cauldwell]]<ref group="note">[[Magnus Hirschfeld]] coined the German term ''Transsexualismus'' in 1923, which Cauldwell translated into English.</ref> and popularized by [[Harry Benjamin]] in 1966, around the same time ''transgender'' was coined and began to be popularized.<ref name="Bevan" /> Since the 1990s, ''transsexual'' has generally been used to refer to the subset of transgender people<ref name="Bevan" /><ref name="TR2006">''Transgender Rights'' (2006, {{ISBN|0-8166-4312-1}}), edited by Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang, Shannon Minter</ref><ref name="Alegria">A. C. Alegria, ''Transgender identity and health care: Implications for psychosocial and physical evaluation'', in the ''Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners'', volume 23, issue 4 (2011), pages 175–182: "Transgender, Umbrella term for persons who do not conform to gender norms in their identity and/or behavior (Meyerowitz, 2002). Transsexual, Subset of transgenderism; persons who feel discordance between natal sex and identity (Meyerowitz, 2002)."</ref> who desire to transition permanently to the gender with which they identify and who seek medical assistance (for example, sex reassignment surgery) with this. − − Distinctions between the terms ''transgender'' and ''transsexual'' are commonly based on [[Sex and gender distinction|distinctions between gender and sex]].<ref>For example, [[Virginia Prince]] used ''transgender'' to distinguish cross-dressers from trans''sexual'' people ({{cite web|title=glbtq > social sciences >> Prince, Virginia Charles|url=http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/prince_vc.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211063223/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/prince_vc.html|archive-date=2015-02-11|publisher=glbtq.com}}), writing in ''Men Who Choose to Be Women'' (in ''Sexology'', February 1969) that "I, at least, know the difference between sex and gender and have simply elected to change the latter and not the former."</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sex -- Medical Definition|url=http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=81336|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222012037/http://www.medilexicon.com/medicaldictionary.php?t=81336|archive-date=2014-02-22|publisher=medilexicon.com}}: defines sex as a biological or physiological quality, while gender is a (psychological) "category to which an individual is assigned by self or others...".</ref> Hence transsexuality may be said to deal more with physical aspects of one's sex, while transgender considerations deal more with one's psychological gender disposition or predisposition, as well as the related social expectations that may accompany a given gender role.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/swanstromn/novaswanstrom.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221213319/http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2006/swanstromn/novaswanstrom.pdf |url-status=dead |title=UNCW: Developing and Implementing a Scale to Assess Attitudes Regarding Transsexuality|archive-date=February 21, 2014}}</ref> Many transgender people reject the term ''transsexual''.<ref name="Polly"/><ref name="Swanson">A Swenson, ''Medical Care of the Transgender Patient'', in ''Family Medicine'' (2014): "While some transsexual people still prefer to use the term to describe themselves, many transgender people prefer the term transgender to transsexual."</ref>{{r|GLAAD Media Reference}} [[Christine Jorgensen]] publicly rejected ''transsexual'' in 1979 and instead identified herself in newsprint as ''trans-gender'', saying, "gender doesn't have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity."<ref>{{cite news|last=Parker|first=Jerry|date=October 18, 1979|title=Christine Recalls Life as Boy from the Bronx|newspaper=Newsday/Winnipeg Free Press|url=http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2011/08/21/christine-jorgensen-transgender-woman/|url-status=live|access-date=28 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425161528/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2011/08/21/christine-jorgensen-transgender-woman/|archive-date=25 April 2012|quote="If you understand trans-genders," she says, (the word she prefers to transsexuals), "then you understand that gender doesn’t have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity."}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=May 11, 1982|title=News From California: 'Transgender'|pages=A–10|newspaper=Appeal-Democrat/Associate Press|url=http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/02/06/1982-transgenders-transsexuals-christine-jorgensen/|url-status=live|access-date=28 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120412004837/http://research.cristanwilliams.com/2012/02/06/1982-transgenders-transsexuals-christine-jorgensen/|archive-date=12 April 2012|quote=she describes people who have had such operations’ "transgender" rather than transsexual. "Sexuality is who you sleep with, but gender is who you are," she explained}}</ref> Some have objected to the term ''transsexual'' on the basis that it describes a condition related to gender identity rather than [[sexuality]].<ref name="Fenway Health Glossary">{{cite web |date=January 2010 |publisher=Fenway Health |location=Boston, Mass. |title=Glossary of Gender and Transgender Terms |url=http://www.fenwayhealth.org/site/DocServer/Handout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019120607/http://www.fenwayhealth.org/site/DocServer/Handout_7-C_Glossary_of_Gender_and_Transgender_Terms__fi.pdf |archive-date=19 October 2013 |page=15}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=November 2020}}<ref group="note">The recurring concern that ''transsexual'' implies ''sexuality'' stems from the tendency of many informal speakers to ignore the [[sex and gender distinction]] and use ''gender'' for any male/female difference and ''sex'' for [[Human sexual activity|sexual activity]]. ({{cite web|last=Liberman|first=Mark|title=Single-X Education|url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004621.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415202619/http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004621.html|archive-date=15 April 2012|access-date=28 June 2012|publisher=Language Log}})</ref>{{Failed verification|date=November 2020}} Some transsexual people object to being included in the ''transgender'' umbrella.<ref name="Valentine">Valentine, David. ''Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category'', Duke University, 2007</ref><ref name="Stryker 2006">Stryker, Susan. "Introduction". In Stryker and S. Whittle (eds.), ''The Transgender Studies Reader'', New York: Routledge, 2006. pp. 1–17. {{ISBN|1-135-39884-4}}.</ref><ref>Winters, Kelley. "Gender Madness in American Psychiatry, essays from the struggle for dignity, 2008, p. 198. "Some Transsexual individuals also identify with the broader transgender community; others do not."</ref> − − In his 2007 book ''Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category'', anthropologist David Valentine asserts that ''transgender'' was coined and used by activists to include many people who do not necessarily identify with the term and states that people who do not identify with the term ''transgender'' should not be included in the transgender spectrum.<ref name="Valentine" /> [[Leslie Feinberg]] likewise asserts that ''transgender'' is not a self-identifier (for some people) but a category imposed by observers to understand other people.<ref name="Stryker 2006" /> According to the Transgender Health Program (THP) at [[Fenway Health]] in Boston, there are no universally-accepted definitions, and confusion is common because terms that were popular at the turn of the 21st century may now be deemed offensive. The THP recommends that clinicians ask clients what terminology they prefer, and avoid the term ''transsexual'' unless they are sure that a client is comfortable with it.<ref name="Fenway Health Glossary" />{{Undue weight inline|date=November 2020}} − − Harry Benjamin invented a classification system for transsexuals and transvestites, called the [[Sex Orientation Scale]] (SOS), in which he assigned transsexuals and transvestites to one of six categories based on their reasons for cross-dressing and the relative urgency of their need (if any) for sex reassignment surgery.<ref name="benjaminscale">Benjamin, H. (1966). ''The transsexual phenomenon''. New York: Julian Press, page 23.</ref> Contemporary views on gender identity and classification differ markedly from Harry Benjamin's original opinions.<ref name="Ekins2005">Ekins, Richard (2005). Science, politics and clinical intervention: Harry Benjamin, transsexualism and the problem of heteronormativity ''[[Sexualities (journal)|Sexualities]]'' July 2005 vol. 8 no. 3 306-328 {{doi|10.1177/1363460705049578}}</ref> Sexual orientation is no longer regarded as a criterion for diagnosis, or for distinction between transsexuality, transvestism and other forms of gender-variant behavior and expression. Benjamin's scale was designed for use with heterosexual trans women, and trans men's identities do not align with its categories.<ref name="Hansbury2008">Hansbury, Griffin (2008). The Middle Men: An Introduction to the Transmasculine Identities. ''[[Studies in Gender and Sexuality]]'' Volume 6, Issue 3, 2005 {{doi|10.1080/15240650609349276}}</ref> − − == Non-binary identity == − {{Main|Non-binary gender|Androgyny}} − Some non-binary (or genderqueer) people identify as transgender. These identities are not specifically male or female. They [[Non-binary gender#Terms, definitions, and identities|can be agender, androgynous, bigender, pangender, or genderfluid]],<ref>McCrea, Amy. ''Under the Transgender Umbrella: Improving ENDA's Protections'', in the ''Georgetown Journal of Gender and the Law'' (2013): "This article will begin by providing a background on transgender people, highlighting the experience of a subset of non-binary individuals, bigender people, ..."</ref> and exist outside of [[cisnormativity]].<ref>Wilchins, Riki Anne (2002) 'It's Your Gender, Stupid’, pp.23–32 in Joan Nestle, Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins (eds.) Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary. Los Angeles:Alyson Publications, 2002.</ref><ref>Nestle, J. (2002) "...pluralistic challenges to the male/female, woman/man, gay/straight, butch/femme constructions and identities..." from ''Genders on My Mind'', pp.3–10 in ''Genderqueer: Voices from Beyond the Sexual Binary'', edited by Joan Nestle, Clare Howell and Riki Wilchins, published by Los Angeles:Alyson Publications, 2002:9. Retrieved 2007-04-07.</ref> Bigender and androgynous are overlapping categories; bigender individuals may identify as moving between male and female roles (genderfluid) or as being both masculine and feminine simultaneously (androgynous), and androgynes may similarly identify as beyond gender or genderless (agender), between genders (intergender), moving across genders (genderfluid), or simultaneously exhibiting multiple genders (pangender).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lindqvist|first=Anna|date=18 Feb 2020|title=What is gender, anyway: a review of the options for operationalising gender|journal=Psychology & Sexuality|volume=12|issue=4|pages=332–344|doi=10.1080/19419899.2020.1729844|doi-access=free}}</ref> Non-binary gender identities are independent of sexual orientation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Definitions|url=https://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions|access-date=2020-07-10|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430180322/https://www.hrc.org/resources/sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity-terminology-and-definitions|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Adams|first=Cydney|date=March 24, 2017|title=The difference between sexual orientation and gender identity|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-difference-between-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/|access-date=21 November 2020|website=CBS News|publisher=Viacom CBS|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309201625/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/the-difference-between-sexual-orientation-and-gender-identity/|url-status=live}}</ref> − − == Related identities and practices == − === Transvestism and cross-dressing === − {{Main|transvestism|l1 = Transvestism}} − − A [[transvestism|transvestite]] is a person who [[cross-dressing|cross-dresses]], or dresses in clothes typically associated with the gender opposite the one they were assigned at birth.<ref name="TV1">E. D. Hirsch, Jr., E.D., Kett, J.F., Trefil, J. (2002) "Transvestite: Someone who dresses in the clothes usually worn by the opposite sex." in [http://www.bartleby.com/cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?query=transvestite&filter=col59 Definition of the word "transvestite"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012042109/http://bartleby.com/cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?query=transvestite&filter=col59|date=2007-10-12}} from [http://www.bartleby.com/59/ The New Dictionary of Cultural Literacy, Third Edition] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818065027/http://www.bartleby.com/59/|date=August 18, 2007}}. Retrieved 2007-08-13.</ref><ref name="TV2">various (2006) "trans·ves·tite... (plural trans·ves·tites), noun. Definition: somebody who dresses like opposite sex:" in [http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/transvestite.html Definition of the word "transvestite"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109164009/http://encarta.msn.com/dictionary_/transvestite.html|date=2007-11-09}} from the [http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/dictionaryhome.aspx Encarta World English Dictionary (North American Edition)] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwKE4XUv?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/dictionaryhome.aspx|date=2009-10-31}}. Retrieved 2007-08-13.</ref> The term ''transvestite'' is used as a synonym for the term ''cross-dresser'',<ref name="TV3">Raj, R (2002) "transvestite (TV): n. Synonym: crossdresser (CD):" in [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no02_04.htm Towards a Transpositive Therapeutic Model: Developing Clinical Sensitivity and Cultural Competence in the Effective Support of Transsexual and Transgendered Clients] from the International Journal of Transgenderism 6,2. Retrieved 2007-08-13. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927183942/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no02_04.htm|date=September 27, 2007}}</ref><ref name="TV4">Hall, B. et al. (2007) "...Many say this term (crossdresser) is preferable to transvestite, which means the same thing..." and "...transvestite (TV) – same as cross-dresser. Most feel cross-dresser is the preferred term..." in [http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/resources/discussion_consultation/genderidentity?page=dfhh-Appendix-2.html Discussion Paper: Toward a Commission Policy on Gender Identity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927031902/http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/resources/discussion_consultation/genderidentity?page=dfhh-Appendix-2.html|date=2007-09-27}} from the [http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en/ Ontario Human Rights Commission] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813112257/http://www.ohrc.on.ca/en|date=2007-08-13}}. Retrieved 2007-08-13.</ref> although ''cross-dresser'' is generally considered the preferred term.<ref name="TV4" /><ref name="TV6">Green, E., Peterson, E.N. (2006) "...The preferred term is 'cross-dresser', but the term 'transvestite' is still used in a positive sense in England..." in [http://www.trans-academics.org/lgbttsqiterminology.pdf LGBTTSQI Terminology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130905233210/http://www.trans-academics.org/trans_and_sexuality_termi|date=2013-09-05}} from [http://www.trans-academics.org/ Trans-Academics.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070424185600/http://www.trans-academics.org/|date=2007-04-24}}. Retrieved 2007-08-13.</ref> The term ''cross-dresser'' is not exactly defined in the relevant literature. Michael A. Gilbert, professor at the Department of Philosophy, [[York University]], Toronto, offers this definition: "[A cross-dresser] is a person who has an apparent [[gender identity|gender identification]] with one sex, and who has and certainly has been birth-designated as belonging to [that] sex, but who wears the clothing of the opposite sex because it is that of the opposite sex."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gilbert|first=Michael A.|year=2000|title=The Transgendered Philosopher|url=http://iiav.nl/ezines/web/IJT/97-03/numbers/symposion/gilbert.htm|url-status=live|journal=[[International Journal of Transgenderism]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126101549/http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/IJT/97-03/numbers/symposion/gilbert.htm|archive-date=January 26, 2016|access-date=December 16, 2015}}</ref> This definition excludes people "who wear opposite sex clothing for other reasons", such as "those [[drag queen|female impersonators]] who look upon dressing as solely connected to their livelihood, actors undertaking roles, individual males and females enjoying a masquerade, and so on. These individuals are cross dressing but are not cross dressers."<ref name="CD1">Gilbert, Michael ‘Miqqi Alicia’ (2000) "The Transgendered Philosopher" in [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/gilbert/gilbert.htm Special Issue on What is Transgender?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211239/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/gilbert/gilbert.htm|date=2007-10-11}} from [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ The International Journal of Transgenderism, Special Issue July 2000] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011211319/http://symposion.com/ijt/index.htm|date=2007-10-11}}. Retrieved 2007-10-09.</ref> Cross-dressers may not identify with, want to be, or adopt the behaviors or practices of the opposite gender and generally do not want to [[gender transition|change their bodies medically or surgically]]. The majority of cross-dressers identify as heterosexual.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Docter|first1=Richard F.|last2=Prince|first2=Virginia|year=1997|title=Transvestism: A survey of 1032 cross-dressers|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|volume=26|issue=6|pages=589–605|doi=10.1023/a:1024572209266|pmid=9415796|s2cid=43816859}}</ref> − − The term ''transvestite'' and the associated outdated term ''transvestism'' are conceptually different from the term ''[[transvestic fetishism]]'', as ''transvestic fetishist'' refers to those who intermittently use clothing of the opposite gender for fetishistic purposes.<ref name="TV7">World Health Organisation (1992) "...Fetishistic transvestism is distinguished from transsexual transvestism by its clear association with sexual arousal and the strong desire to remove the clothing once orgasm occurs and sexual arousal declines...." in [https://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/ ICD-10, Gender Identity Disorder, category F65.1] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422160923/http://www.who.int/classifications/apps/icd/icd10online/|date=2009-04-22}} published by the [https://www.who.int/ World Health Organisation] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705141348/http://www.who.int/|date=2016-07-05}}. Retrieved 2007-08-13.</ref><ref name="TV8">APA task force (1994) "...The paraphiliac focus of Transvestic Fetishism involves cross-dressing. Usually the male with Transvestic Fetishism keeps a collection of female clothes that he intermittently uses to cross-dress. While cross dressed, he usually masturbates..." in [http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm DSM-IV: Sections 302.3] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211020457/http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm|date=2007-02-11}} published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved 2007-08-13.</ref> In medical terms, ''transvestic fetishism'' is differentiated from cross-dressing by use of the separate codes 302.3<ref name="TV8" /> in the [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]] (DSM) and F65.1<ref name="TV7" /> in the [[ICD]]. − − === Drag === − {{See also|Drag king|Drag queen|Faux queen}} − [[File:Victoria Sin, sandwich.jpg|thumb|A [[drag queen]] performer]] − [[Drag (clothing)|Drag]] is clothing and makeup worn on special occasions for performing or entertaining, unlike those who are transgender or who cross-dress for other reasons.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 April 2017|title=Understanding Drag|url=https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-drag|access-date=3 September 2020|website=National Center For Transgender Equality|publisher=National Center For Transgender Equality|archive-date=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310044748/https://transequality.org/issues/resources/understanding-drag|url-status=live}}</ref> Drag performance includes overall presentation and behavior in addition to clothing and makeup. Drag can be theatrical, comedic, or grotesque. Drag queens have been considered caricatures of women by [[second-wave feminism]]. Drag artists have a long tradition in [[LGBT culture]]. − − Generally the term ''[[drag queen]]'' covers men doing female drag, ''[[drag king]]'' covers women doing male drag, and ''[[faux queen]]'' covers women doing female drag.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-12|title=The Many Styles Of Drag Kings, Photographed In And Out Of Drag|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/drag-kings_l_5db9c682e4b00d83f72159c8|access-date=2020-06-03|website=HuffPost|language=en|archive-date=2021-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308080628/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/drag-kings_l_5db9c682e4b00d83f72159c8|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-11-12|title=How Drag Queens Work|url=https://people.howstuffworks.com/drag-queen.htm|access-date=2020-06-03|website=HowStuffWorks|language=en|archive-date=2021-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003301/https://people.howstuffworks.com/drag-queen.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Nevertheless, there are drag artists of all genders and sexualities who perform for various reasons. Drag performers are not inherently transgender. Some drag performers, transvestites, and people in the gay community have embraced the pornographically-derived term ''tranny'' for drag queens or people who engage in transvestism or cross-dressing; however, this term is widely considered an offensive [[Pejorative|slur]] if applied to transgender people. − − == History == − {{Main|Transgender history}} − Transgender people are known to have existed since ancient times. A wide range of societies had traditional third gender roles, or otherwise accepted trans people in some form.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=The Trans History You Weren't Taught in Schools|url=https://www.yesmagazine.org/social-justice/2021/06/07/trans-history-gender-diversity|access-date=2022-01-23|website=YES! Magazine|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123215909/https://www.yesmagazine.org/social-justice/2021/06/07/trans-history-gender-diversity|url-status=live}}</ref> However, a precise history is difficult because the modern concept of being transgender, and gender in general, did not develop until the mid-1900s. Historical understandings are thus inherently filtered through modern principles, and were largely viewed through a medical lens until the late 1900s.<ref name=":3" /> − − Ancient Greek [[Hippocrates]] (interpreting the writing of [[Herodotus]]) discusses transgender individuals briefly. He describes the "disease of the [[Scythians]]" (regarding the [[Enaree]]), which he attributes to impotency due to riding on a horse without stirrups. Hippocrates' reference was well discussed by medical writings of the 1500s{{En dash}}1700s. [[Pierre Petit (scholar)|Pierre Petit]] writing in 1596 viewed the "Scythian disease" as natural variation, but by the 1700s writers viewed it as a "melancholy", or "hysterical" psychiatric disease. By the early 1800s, being transgender separate from Hippocrate's idea of it was claimed to be widely known, but remained poorly documented. Both MtF and FtM individuals were cited in European insane asylums of the early 1800s. The most complete account of the time came from the life of the [[Chevalier d'Éon]] (1728{{En dash}}1810). As cross-dressing became more widespread in the late 1800s, discussion of transgender people increased greatly and writers attempted to explain the origins of being transgender. Much study came out of Germany, and was exported to other Western audiences. Cross-dressing was seen in a pragmatic light until the late 1800s; it had previously served a satirical or disguising purpose. But in the latter half of the 1800's, cross-dressing and being transgender became viewed as an increasing societal danger.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Janssen|first=Diederik F.|date=2020-04-21|title=Transgenderism Before Gender: Nosology from the Sixteenth Through Mid-Twentieth Century|journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior|language=en|volume=49|issue=5|pages=1415–1425|doi=10.1007/s10508-020-01715-w|issn=0004-0002|pmid=32319033|s2cid=216073926}}</ref> − − [[William A. Hammond]] wrote an 1882 account of transgender [[Pueblo]] shamans (''mujerados''), comparing them to the Scythian disease. Other writers of the late 1700s and 1800s (including Hammond's associates in the [[American Neurological Association]]) had noted the widespread nature of transgender cultural practices among native peoples. Explanations varied, but authors generally did ''not'' ascribe native transgender practices to psychiatric causes, instead condemning the practices in a religious and moral sense. Native groups provided much study on the subject, and perhaps the majority of all study until after WWII.<ref name=":3" /> − − Critical studies first began to emerge in the late 1800s in Germany, with the works of [[Magnus Hirschfeld]]. Hirschfeld coined the term "transvestite" in 1910 as the scope of transgender study grew. His work would lead to the 1919 founding of the [[Institut für Sexualwissenschaft]] in Berlin. Though Hirscheld's legacy is disputed, he revolutionized the field of study. The Institut was destroyed when the Nazis seized power in 1933, and its research was infamously burned in May 1933 Nazi book burnings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Holocaust Memorial Day Trust {{!}} 6 May 1933: Looting of the Institute of Sexology |url=https://www.hmd.org.uk/resource/6-may-1933-looting-of-the-institute-of-sexology/ |access-date=2022-03-20 |language=en}}</ref> Transgender issues went largely out of the public eye until after World War II. Even when they re-emerged, they reflected a [[forensic psychology]] approach, unlike the more [[sexological]] that had been employed in the lost German research.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=WashingtonPost.com: Queer Science: The Use and Abuse of Research into Homosexuality|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/queerscience.htm|access-date=2022-01-23|newspaper=The Washington Post|archive-date=2017-12-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213181804/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/books/chap1/queerscience.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> − − ==LGBT community== − {{See also|LGBT|LGBT community|LGBT culture#Transgender culture}} − The concepts of gender identity and transgender identity differ from that of [[sexual orientation]].<ref name="apatransgenderanswers">[http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615045832/http://apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx|date=2010-06-15}} report from the website of the American Psychological Association - "What is the relationship between transgender and sexual orientation?"</ref> Sexual orientation is an individual's enduring physical, romantic, emotional, or spiritual attraction to another person, while gender identity is one's personal sense of being a man or a woman.<ref name="GLAAD Media Reference"/> Transgender people have more or less the same variety of sexual orientations as cisgender people.<ref name="sexualityintstg">Tobin, H.J. (2003) "...It has become more and more clear that trans people come in more or less the same variety of sexual orientations as non-trans people..." [https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/harperjeantobin/SexualOrientation.htm&date=2009-10-25+23:42:55 Sexual Orientation] from Sexuality in Transsexual and Transgender Individuals.</ref> In the past, the terms ''homosexual'' and ''heterosexual'' were incorrectly used to label transgender individuals' sexual orientation based on their birth sex.<ref name="classnongendysphoria">Blanchard, R. (1989) [[doi:10.1007/BF01541951|The classification and labeling of nonhomosexual gender dysphorias]] from Archives of Sexual Behavior, Volume 18, Number 4, August 1989. Retrieved via [http://www.springerlink.com/ SpringerLink] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122001007/http://www.springerlink.com/|date=2012-01-22}} on 2007-04-06.</ref> Professional literature often uses terms such as ''attracted to men'' ([[Androphilia and gynephilia|androphilic]]), ''attracted to women'' ([[Androphilia and gynephilia|gynephilic]]), ''attracted to both'' (bisexual), or ''attracted to neither'' (asexual) to describe a person's sexual orientation without reference to their gender identity.<ref name="dsmivtwo">APA task force (1994) "...For sexually mature individuals, the following specifiers may be noted based on the individual's sexual orientation: Sexually Attracted to Males, Sexually Attracted to Females, Sexually Attracted to Both, and Sexually Attracted to Neither..." in [http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211020457/http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm|date=2007-02-11}} published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via [http://www.mental-health-matters.com/ Mental Health Matters] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407163232/http://www.mental-health-matters.com/|date=2007-04-07}} on 2007-04-06.</ref> Therapists are coming to understand the necessity of using terms with respect to their clients' gender identities and preferences.<ref name="councritgendeth">Goethals, S.C. and Schwiebert, V.L. (2005) "...counselors to rethink their assumptions regarding gender, sexuality and sexual orientation. In addition, they supported counselors' need to adopt a transpositive disposition to counseling and to actively advocate for transgendered persons..." [[doi:10.1007/s10447-005-8206-8|Counseling as a Critique of Gender: On the Ethics of Counseling Transgendered Clients]] from the International Journal for the Advancement of Counselling, Vol. 27, No. 3, September 2005. Retrieved via [http://www.springerlink.com/ SpringerLink] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122001007/http://www.springerlink.com/|date=2012-01-22}} on 2007-04-06.</ref> For example, a person who is assigned male at birth, transitions to female, and is attracted to men would be identified as heterosexual. − − Despite the distinction between sexual orientation and gender, throughout history the [[LGBT|gay, lesbian, and bisexual]] subculture was often the only place where gender-variant people were socially accepted in the [[gender role]] they felt they belonged to; especially during the time when legal or medical transitioning was almost impossible. This acceptance has had a complex history. Like the wider world, the gay community in [[Western culture|Western societies]] did not generally distinguish between sex and gender identity until the 1970s, and often perceived gender-variant people more as homosexuals who behaved in a gender-variant way than as gender-variant people in their own right. In addition, the role of the transgender community in the history of LGBT rights is often overlooked, as shown in Transforming History.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Retro Report|date=2015-06-15|title=Transforming History|url=http://www.retroreport.org/video/transforming-history/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710160835/http://www.retroreport.org/video/transforming-history/|archive-date=10 July 2015|access-date=15 July 2015|website=Retro Report|publisher=Retro Report}}</ref> − − === Sexual orientation of transgender people === − {{Main|Transgender sexuality}} − In 2015, the American [[National Center for Transgender Equality]] conducted a National Transgender Discrimination Survey. Of the 27,715 transgender and [[non-binary gender|non-binary]] people who took the survey, 21% said the term ''queer'' best described their sexual orientation, 18% said "[[Pansexuality|pansexual]]", 16% said ''gay'', ''lesbian'', or ''same-gender-loving'', 15% said ''straight'', 14% said ''bisexual'', and 10% said ''asexual''.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Report of the 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey|url=http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209150153/http://www.transequality.org/sites/default/files/docs/USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDF|archive-date=9 December 2016|access-date=6 March 2016|website=National Center for Transgender Equality}}</ref> And a 2019 survey of trans and non-binary people in Canada called ''Trans PULSE Canada'' showed that out of 2,873 respondents, when it came to sexual orientation, 13% identified as asexual, 28% identified as bisexual, 13% identified as gay, 15% identified as lesbian, 31% identified as pansexual, 8% identified as straight or heterosexual, 4% identified as two-spirit, and 9% identified as unsure or questioning.<ref name="Trans PULSE Canada Report No. 1 or 10">{{cite web|date=10 March 2020|title=Trans PULSE Canada Report No. 1 or 10|url=https://transpulsecanada.ca/results/report-1/|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=14 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314014752/https://transpulsecanada.ca/results/report-1/|url-status=live}}</ref> − − == Healthcare == − {{Main|Transgender health care}} − {{further|Gender transitioning}} − − ===Mental healthcare=== − Most mental health professionals recommend therapy for internal conflicts about gender identity or discomfort in an assigned gender role, especially if one desires to transition. People who experience discord between their gender and the expectations of others or whose gender identity conflicts with their body may benefit by talking through their feelings in depth; however, research on gender identity with regard to psychology, and scientific understanding of the phenomenon and its related issues, is relatively new.<ref name="Brown&Rounsley">Brown, M.L. & Rounsley, C.A. (1996) ''True Selves: Understanding Transsexualism – For Families, Friends, Coworkers, and Helping Professionals'' Jossey-Bass: San Francisco {{ISBN|0-7879-6702-5}}</ref> The terms ''transsexualism'', ''dual-role transvestism'', ''[[gender identity disorder]] in adolescents or adults,'' and ''gender identity disorder not otherwise specified'' are listed as such in the [[International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems|International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD)]] by the [[WHO]] or the American [[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders|''Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders'' (DSM)]] under codes F64.0, F64.1, 302.85, and 302.6 respectively.<ref name="DSM-IV">[[Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders]], Fourth Edition (1994)</ref> − − The validity of the diagnosis and its presence in the forthcoming [[ICD-11]] is debated. France removed gender identity disorder as a diagnosis by decree in 2010,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Atwill|first=Nicole|date=2010-02-17|title=France: Gender Identity Disorder Dropped from List of Mental Illnesses {{!}} Global Legal Monitor|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/france-gender-identity-disorder-dropped-from-list-of-mental-illnesses/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511065253/http://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/france-gender-identity-disorder-dropped-from-list-of-mental-illnesses/|archive-date=2017-05-11|access-date=2017-10-18|website=www.loc.gov|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=May 16, 2009|title=La transsexualité ne sera plus classée comme affectation psychiatrique|newspaper=Le Monde|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/05/16/la-transsexualite-ne-sera-plus-classee-comme-affectation-psychiatrique_1193860_3224.html|url-status=live|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226213224/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2009/05/16/la-transsexualite-ne-sera-plus-classee-comme-affectation-psychiatrique_1193860_3224.html|archive-date=February 26, 2018}}</ref> but according to French trans rights organizations, beyond the impact of the announcement itself, nothing changed.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2011-05-17|title=La France est très en retard dans la prise en charge des transsexuels|language=fr|work=Libération|url=http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2011/05/17/la-france-est-tres-en-retard-dans-la-prise-en-charge-des-transsexuels_736344|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130231929/http://www.liberation.fr/societe/2011/05/17/la-france-est-tres-en-retard-dans-la-prise-en-charge-des-transsexuels_736344|archive-date=2014-11-30|quote=En réalité, ce décret n'a été rien d'autre qu'un coup médiatique, un très bel effet d'annonce. Sur le terrain, rien n'a changé.}}</ref> In 2017, the Danish parliament abolished the F64 Gender identity disorders. The ''[[DSM-5]]'' refers to the topic as ''[[gender dysphoria]]'' (GD) while reinforcing the idea that being transgender is not considered a mental illness.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Garloch|first1=Karen|date=9 May 2016|title=What it means to be transgender: Answers to 5 key questions|newspaper=Charlotte Observer|url=http://www.charlotteobserver.com/living/health-family/article76580862.html|url-status=live|access-date=18 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220182205/http://www.charlotteobserver.com/living/health-family/article76580862.html|archive-date=20 December 2016}}</ref> − − Transgender people may meet the criteria for a diagnosis of gender dysphoria "only if [being transgender] causes distress or disability."<ref name="apatransgenderanswersdisorder">[http://www.apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx Answers to Your Questions About Transgender Individuals and Gender Identity] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100615045832/http://apa.org/topics/sexuality/transgender.aspx|date=2010-06-15}} report from the website of the American Psychological Association - "Is being transgender a mental disorder?"</ref> This distress may manifest as depression or inability to work and form healthy relationships with others. This diagnosis is often misinterpreted as implying that all transgender people suffer from GD, which has confused transgender people and those who seek to either criticize or affirm them. Transgender people who are comfortable with their gender and whose gender is not directly causing inner frustration or impairing their functioning do not suffer from GD. Moreover, GD is not necessarily permanent and is often resolved through therapy or transitioning. Feeling oppressed by the negative attitudes and behaviors of such others as legal entities does not indicate GD. GD does not imply an opinion of immorality; the psychological establishment holds that people with any kind of mental or emotional problem should not receive stigma. The solution for GD is whatever will alleviate suffering and restore functionality; this solution often, but not always, consists of undergoing a gender transition.<ref name="Brown&Rounsley" /> − − Clinical training lacks relevant information needed in order to adequately help transgender clients, which results in a large number of practitioners who are not prepared to sufficiently work with this population of individuals.<ref name="L. Carroll, P.J. Gilroy, and J. Ryan">{{cite journal|last1=Carroll|first1=L.|last2=Gilroy|first2=P.J.|last3=Ryan|first3=J.|year=2002|title=Transgender issues in counselor education|journal=Counselor Education and Supervision|volume=41|issue=3|pages=233–242|doi=10.1002/j.1556-6978.2002.tb01286.x}}</ref> Many mental healthcare providers know little about transgender issues. Those who seek help from these professionals often educate the professional without receiving help.<ref name="Brown&Rounsley" /> This solution usually is good for transsexual people but is not the solution for other transgender people, particularly non-binary people who lack an exclusively male or female identity. Instead, therapists can support their clients in whatever steps they choose to take to transition or can support their decision not to transition while also addressing their clients' sense of congruence between gender identity and appearance.<ref name="10.1177/0361684312442161" /> − − Acknowledgment of the lack of clinical training has increased; however, research on the specific problems faced by the transgender community in mental health has focused on diagnosis and clinicians' experiences instead of transgender clients' experiences.<ref name="H.E. Benson">{{cite journal|last1=Benson|first1=Kristen E|year=2013|title=Seeking support: Transgender client experiences with mental health services|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/226e2f3fef07af260e7b051ccd9f9ddb3a4ebafd|journal=Journal of Feminist Family Therapy|volume=25|issue=1|pages=17–40|doi=10.1080/08952833.2013.755081|s2cid=144491629|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-date=2022-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309201634/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Seeking-Support%3A-Transgender-Client-Experiences-Benson/226e2f3fef07af260e7b051ccd9f9ddb3a4ebafd|url-status=live}}</ref> Therapy was not always sought by transgender people due to mental health needs. Prior to the seventh version of the [[Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People|Standards of Care]] (SOC), an individual had to be diagnosed with gender identity disorder in order to proceed with hormone treatments or sexual reassignment surgery. The new version decreased the focus on diagnosis and instead emphasized the importance of flexibility in order to meet the diverse health care needs of transsexual, transgender, and all gender-nonconforming people.<ref name="SOC">{{cite web|title=Standards of care for the health of transsexual, transgender, and gender nonconforming people – 7th version|url=http://www.wpath.org/documents/Standards%20of%20Care%20V7%20-%202011%20WPATH.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303035205/http://www.wpath.org/documents/Standards%20of%20Care%20V7%20-%202011%20WPATH.pdf|archive-date=3 March 2012|access-date=30 November 2014|website=The World Professional Association for Transgender Health}}</ref> − − The reasons for seeking mental health services vary according to the individual. A transgender person seeking treatment does not necessarily mean their gender identity is problematic. The emotional strain of dealing with stigma and experiencing [[transphobia]] pushes many transgender people to seek treatment to improve their quality of life, as one trans woman reflected: "Transgendered individuals are going to come to a therapist and most of their issues have nothing to do, specifically, with being transgendered. It has to do because they've had to hide, they've had to lie, and they've felt all of this guilt and shame, unfortunately usually for years!"<ref name="H.E. Benson" /> Many transgender people also seek mental health treatment for depression and anxiety caused by the stigma attached to being transgender, and some transgender people have stressed the importance of acknowledging their gender identity with a therapist in order to discuss other quality-of-life issues.<ref name="H.E. Benson" /> Others regret having undergone the procedure and wish to [[detransition]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Shute|first=Joe|date=2 October 2017|title=The new taboo: More people regret sex change and want to 'detransition', surgeon says|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/world/the-new-taboo-more-people-regret-sex-change-and-want-to-detransition-surgeon-says|access-date=2 October 2017|newspaper=Nationalpost|publisher=Postmedia|quote=Dr. Miroslav Djordjevic says more people, particularly transgender women over 30, are asking for reversal surgery, yet their regrets remain taboo.|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125014927/https://nationalpost.com/news/world/the-new-taboo-more-people-regret-sex-change-and-want-to-detransition-surgeon-says|url-status=live}}</ref> − − Problems still remain surrounding misinformation about transgender issues that hurt transgender people's mental health experiences. One trans man who was enrolled as a student in a psychology graduate program highlighted the main concerns with modern clinical training: "Most people probably are familiar with the term transgender, but maybe that's it. I don't think I've had any formal training just going through [clinical] programs ... I don't think most [therapists] know. Most therapists{{snd}}Master's degree, PhD level{{snd}}they've had ... one diversity class on GLBT issues. One class out of the huge diversity training. One class. And it was probably mostly about gay lifestyle."<ref name="H.E. Benson" /> Many health insurance policies do not cover treatment associated with gender transition, and numerous people are under- or uninsured, which raises concerns about the insufficient training most therapists receive prior to working with transgender clients, potentially increasing financial strain on clients without providing the treatment they need.<ref name="H.E. Benson" /> Many clinicians who work with transgender clients only receive mediocre training on gender identity, but introductory training on interacting with transgender people has recently been made available to health care professionals to help remove barriers and increase the level of service for the transgender population.<ref name="Hanssman, Morrison, & Russian">{{cite journal|last1=Hanssmann|first1=C.|last2=Morrison|first2=D.|last3=Russian|first3=E.|year=2008|title=Talking, gawking, or getting it done: Providing trainings to increase cultural and clinical competence for transgender and gender-nonconforming patients and clients|journal=Sexuality Research and Social Policy|volume=5|pages=5–23|doi=10.1525/srsp.2008.5.1.5|s2cid=52025741}}</ref> In February 2010, France became the first country in the world to remove transgender identity from the list of mental diseases.<ref>{{cite web|title=France: Transsexualism will no longer be classified as a mental illness in France|url=http://trans.ilga.org/trans/welcome_to_the_ilga_trans_secretariat/news/france_transsexualism_will_no_longer_be_classified_as_a_mental_illness_in_france|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910105007/http://trans.ilga.org/trans/welcome_to_the_ilga_trans_secretariat/news/france_transsexualism_will_no_longer_be_classified_as_a_mental_illness_in_france|archive-date=2013-09-10|publisher=ilga.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=December 2, 2010|title=Le transsexualisme n'est plus une maladie mentale en France|language=fr|trans-title=Transsexualism is no longer a mental illness in France|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2010/02/12/le-transsexualisme-n-est-plus-une-maladie-mentale-en-france_1305090_3224.html|url-status=live|access-date=February 12, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213052734/http://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2010/02/12/le-transsexualisme-n-est-plus-une-maladie-mentale-en-france_1305090_3224.html|archive-date=February 13, 2010}}</ref> − − A 2014 study carried out by the [[Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy|Williams Institute]] (a [[University of California, Los Angeles|UCLA]] think tank) found that 41% of transgender people had attempted suicide, with the rate being higher among people who experienced discrimination in access to housing or healthcare, harassment, physical or sexual assault, or rejection by family.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Haas|first1=Ann P.|url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf|title=Suicide Attempts among Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Adults: Findings of the National Transgender Discrimination Survey|last2=Rodgers|first2=Philip L.|last3=Herman|first3=Jody L.|year=2014|publisher=[[American Foundation for Suicide Prevention]] and the [[Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy]]|pages=2–3, 11|access-date=October 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008072751/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf|archive-date=October 8, 2017}}</ref> A 2019 follow-up study found that transgender people who wanted and received [[Sex reassignment therapy|gender-affirming medical care]] had substantially lower rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Herman|first1=Jody L.|last2=Brown|first2=Taylor N.T.|last3=Haas|first3=Ann P.|date=September 2019|title=Suicide Thoughts and Attempts Among Transgender Adults|url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513172602/https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Suicidality-Transgender-Sep-2019.pdf|archive-date=May 13, 2020|access-date=May 13, 2020|publisher=[[Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy]]}}</ref> − − Autism is more common in people who are gender dysphoric. It is not known whether there is a biological basis. This may be due to the fact that people on the autism spectrum are less concerned with societal disapproval, and feel less fear or inhibition about coming out as trans than others.<ref name="Urquhart-2018">{{cite web|last=Urquhart|first=Evan|date=March 21, 2018|title=A Disproportionate Number of Autistic Youth Are Transgender. Why?|url=https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/03/why-are-a-disproportionate-number-of-autistic-youth-transgender.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321223559/https://slate.com/human-interest/2018/03/why-are-a-disproportionate-number-of-autistic-youth-transgender.html|archive-date=March 21, 2018|access-date=January 10, 2018|website=Slate}}</ref> − − === Physical healthcare === − Medical and surgical procedures exist for transsexual and some transgender people, though most categories of transgender people as described above are not known for seeking the following treatments. [[Masculinizing hormone therapy|Hormone replacement therapy for trans men]] induces beard growth and masculinizes skin, hair, voice, and fat distribution. [[Feminizing hormone therapy|Hormone replacement therapy for trans women]] feminizes fat distribution and breasts. [[Laser hair removal]] or [[Electrology|electrolysis]] removes excess hair for trans women. Surgical procedures for trans women feminize the [[Voice therapy (trans)#Vocal surgeries|voice]], [[Dermabrasion|skin]], [[Facial feminization surgery|face]], [[Chondrolaryngoplasty|Adam's apple]], [[Breast implant|breasts]], [[Liposuction|waist]], [[Buttock augmentation|buttocks]], and [[Sex reassignment surgery male-to-female|genitals]]. Surgical procedures for trans men masculinize the [[Male Chest Reconstruction|chest]] and [[Sex reassignment surgery female-to-male#Genital reassignment|genitals]] and remove the [[Hysterectomy|womb]], [[Oophorectomy|ovaries, and fallopian tubes]]. The acronyms "[[Gender reassignment surgery|GRS]]" and "[[Sex reassignment surgery|SRS]]" refer to genital surgery. The term "[[sex reassignment therapy]]" (SRT) is used as an umbrella term for physical procedures required for [[Transgender transition|transition]]. Use of the term "[[sex change]]" has been criticized for its emphasis on surgery, and the term "transition" is preferred.<ref name="GLAAD Media Reference" /><ref name="pfaefflin">Pfäfflin F., Junge A. (1998) "...This critique for the use of the term sex change in connection to sex reassignment surgery stems from the concern about the patient, to take the patient seriously...." in [https://web.archive.org/web/20070503090247/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/pfaefflin/1000.htm Sex Reassignment: Thirty Years of International Follow-Up Studies: A Comprehensive Review, 1961–1991] from the Electronic Book Collection of the International Journal of Transgenderism. Retrieved 2007-09-06.</ref> Availability of these procedures depends on degree of gender dysphoria, presence or absence of gender identity disorder,<ref name="dsmivthree">APA task force (1994) "...preoccupation with getting rid of primary and secondary sex characteristics..." in [http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm DSM-IV: Sections 302.6 and 302.85] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211020457/http://www.mental-health-today.com/gender/dsm.htm|date=2007-02-11}} published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved via [http://www.mental-health-matters.com/ Mental Health Matters] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407163232/http://www.mental-health-matters.com/|date=2007-04-07}} on 2007-04-06.</ref> and [[Standards of Care for the Health of Transsexual, Transgender, and Gender Nonconforming People|standards of care]] in the relevant jurisdiction. − − Trans men who have not had a hysterectomy and who take testosterone are at increased risk for [[endometrial cancer]] because [[androstenedione]], which is made from testosterone in the body, can be converted into [[estrogen]], and external estrogen is a risk factor for endometrial cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Committee on Health Care for Underserved Women|year=2011|title=Committee Opinion No. 512|journal=Obstetrics & Gynecology|volume=118|issue=6|pages=1454–1458|doi=10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823ed1c1|pmid=22105293}}</ref> − − ==Law== − [[File:Camille Cabral pour les Trans.JPG|thumb|upright|[[Camille Cabral]], a French transgender activist at a demonstration for transgender people in Paris, October 1, 2005]] − {{Main|Transgender rights}} − {{further|Legal recognition of non-binary gender}} − Legal procedures exist in some [[jurisdiction]]s which allow individuals to change their legal gender or name to reflect their gender identity. Requirements for these procedures vary from an explicit formal diagnosis of [[transsexualism]], to a diagnosis of gender identity disorder, to a letter from a physician that attests the individual's gender transition or having established a different [[gender role]].<ref name="Greenberg">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwOKayHVwcC&q=transgender+rights|title=Transgender Rights|publisher=Minnesota University Press|year=2006|isbn=978-0-8166-4312-7|editor1-last=Currah|editor1-first=Paisley|pages=51–73|editor2-last=M. Juang|editor2-first=Richard|editor3-last=Minter|editor3-first=Shannon Price|access-date=2020-11-07|archive-date=2021-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504201554/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUwOKayHVwcC&q=transgender+rights|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1994, the DSM IV entry was changed from "Transsexual" to "Gender Identity Disorder". In many places, transgender people are not legally protected from discrimination in the workplace or in public accommodations.<ref name="Whittle, Stephen 2002"/> A report released in February 2011 found that 90% of transgender people faced discrimination at work and were unemployed at double the rate of the general population,<ref name="GLAAD-public-services"/> and over half had been harassed or turned away when attempting to access public services.<ref name="GLAAD-public-services"/> Members of the transgender community also encounter high levels of discrimination in health care.<ref>Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. [http://glaadblog.org/2010/11/03/in-the-life-follows-lgbt-seniors-as-they-face-inequality-in-healthcare/ "IN THE LIFE Follows LGBT Seniors as They Face Inequality in Healthcare"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804060104/http://glaadblog.org/2010/11/03/in-the-life-follows-lgbt-seniors-as-they-face-inequality-in-healthcare/|date=2011-08-04}}, "[[GLAAD]]", USA, November 3, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-24.</ref> − − === Europe === − [[File:Hate Hurts Wales - Portrayal of Transgender Hate Crime.webm|thumb|left|A [[Welsh Government]] advisory video on transgender hate crimes]] − 36 countries in Europe require a mental health diagnosis for legal gender recognition and 20 countries still require sterilisation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=– Trans Rights Europe Map & Index 2017|url=https://tgeu.org/trans-rights-map-2017/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019004745/https://tgeu.org/trans-rights-map-2017/|archive-date=2017-10-19|access-date=2017-10-18|website=tgeu.org|date=18 May 2017|language=en}}</ref> In April 2017, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that requiring sterilisation for legal gender recognition violates human rights.<ref>{{Cite web|title=HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights|url=http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-172556|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019060936/https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng?i=001-172556|archive-date=2017-10-19|access-date=2017-10-18|website=hudoc.echr.coe.int}}</ref> − − ==== Denmark ==== − Since 2014 it has been possible for adults without the requirement of a psychiatric evaluation, medical or surgical treatment, divorce or castration, to after a six-month ‘reflection period' have their social security number changed and legally change gender.<ref>{{Cite web|title=www.cpr.dk|url=https://www.cpr.dk/cpr-nyt/nyhedsarkiv/2014/jun/transkoennede-faar-mulighed-for-at-faa-tildelt-nyt-personnummer/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019055205/https://www.cpr.dk/cpr-nyt/nyhedsarkiv/2014/jun/transkoennede-faar-mulighed-for-at-faa-tildelt-nyt-personnummer/|archive-date=2017-10-19|access-date=2017-10-18|website=www.cpr.dk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=English translation of the laws regarding the Danish social security system (CPR)|url=https://www.cpr.dk/media/9338/lovbekendtg_relse_eng_12070213.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019055417/https://www.cpr.dk/media/9338/lovbekendtg_relse_eng_12070213.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-19}}</ref> − − ==== Germany ==== − {{Main|Transgender rights in Germany}} − In November 2017, the [[Federal Constitutional Court]] ruled that the civil status law must allow a third gender option.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bundesverfassungsgericht - Press - Civil status law must allow a third gender option|url=http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/2017/bvg17-095.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115083403/http://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/EN/2017/bvg17-095.html|archive-date=2017-11-15|access-date=2017-12-18|website=www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de|language=en}}</ref> Thus officially recognising "third sex" meaning that birth certificates will not have blank gender entries for intersex people. The ruling came after an intersex person, who is neither a man nor woman according to chromosomal analysis, brought a legal challenge after attempting to change their registered sex to "inter" or ''[[wikt:divers#Adjective 5|divers]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-11-08|title=Germany's top court just officially recognised a third sex|language=en-GB|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germany-third-gender-male-female-intersex-court-parliament-bundesverfassungsgericht-berlin-lgbt-a8043261.html|url-status=live|access-date=2017-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204051849/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/germany-third-gender-male-female-intersex-court-parliament-bundesverfassungsgericht-berlin-lgbt-a8043261.html|archive-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> − − === Canada === − {{Main|Transgender rights in Canada}} − Jurisdiction over legal classification of sex in Canada is assigned to the provinces and territories. This includes legal change of gender classification. On June 19, 2017, [[An Act to amend the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code|Bill C-16]], having passed the legislative process in the [[House of Commons of Canada]] and the [[Senate of Canada]], became law upon receiving [[Royal Assent]], which put it into immediate force.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parl.ca/LEGISInfo/Home.aspx?language=E&ParliamentSession=42-1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160522081151/http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/Home.aspx?language=E&ParliamentSession=42-1 |url-status=dead |title=LEGISinfo|archive-date=May 22, 2016|website=www.parl.ca}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=8269852&Language=E&Mode=1|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224032029/http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&billId=8269852 |url-status=dead |title=LEGISinfo - House Government Bill C-16 (42-1)|archive-date=December 24, 2016|website=www.parl.ca}}</ref><ref name="cbc-16jun2017">{{cite news|last1=Tasker|first1=John Paul|date=June 16, 2017|title=Canada enacts protections for transgender community|newspaper=[[CBC News]]|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-rights-bill-senate-1.4163823|url-status=live|access-date=June 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617032107/http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/transgender-rights-bill-senate-1.4163823|archive-date=June 17, 2017}}</ref> The law updated the [[Canadian Human Rights Act]] and the [[Criminal Code (Canada)|Criminal Code]] to include "gender identity and gender expression" as protected grounds from discrimination, hate publications and advocating genocide. The bill also added "gender identity and expression" to the list of aggravating factors in sentencing, where the accused commits a criminal offence against an individual because of those personal characteristics. Similar transgender laws also exist in all the provinces and territories.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 2018|title=Overview of Human Rights Codes by Province and Territory in Canada|url=https://ccdi.ca/media/1414/20171102-publications-overview-of-hr-codes-by-province-final-en.pdf|publisher=Canadian Center for Diversity and Inclusion|access-date=2020-09-03|archive-date=2020-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919023941/https://ccdi.ca/media/1414/20171102-publications-overview-of-hr-codes-by-province-final-en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> − − === United States === − {{Main|Transgender rights in the United States}} − In the United States, transgender people are protected from employment discrimination by Title VII of the [[Civil Rights Act of 1964]]. Exceptions apply to certain types of employers, for example, employers with fewer than 15 employees and religious organizations.<ref name="Finduslaw">{{cite web|title=Civil Rights Act of 1964 – CRA – Title VII – Equal Employment Opportunities – 42 US Code Chapter 21|url=http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101021141154/http://finduslaw.com/civil_rights_act_of_1964_cra_title_vii_equal_employment_opportunities_42_us_code_chapter_21|archive-date=October 21, 2010|access-date=June 6, 2010|publisher=finduslaw}}</ref> In 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that Title VII prohibits discrimination against transgender people in the case ''[[R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Neidig|first=Harper|date=June 15, 2020|title=Workers can't be fired for being gay or transgender, Supreme Court rules|url=https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/502729-supreme-court-rules-lgbt-workers-protected-by-civil-rights-law|access-date=June 15, 2020|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|archive-date=June 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200615144030/https://thehill.com/regulation/court-battles/502729-supreme-court-rules-lgbt-workers-protected-by-civil-rights-law|url-status=live}}</ref> − − [[Nicole Maines]], a trans girl, took a case to Maine's supreme court in June 2013. She argued that being denied access to her high school's women's restroom was a violation of Maine's Human Rights Act; one state judge has disagreed with her,<ref>{{cite web|last=June|first=Daniel|date=13 June 2013|title=Transgender Girl in Maine Seeks Supreme Court's Approval to Use School's Girls Room|url=http://www.jdjournal.com/2013/06/13/transgender-girl-in-maine-seeks-supreme-courts-approval-to-use-schools-girls-room/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615222439/http://www.jdjournal.com/2013/06/13/transgender-girl-in-maine-seeks-supreme-courts-approval-to-use-schools-girls-room/|archive-date=15 June 2013|access-date=13 June 2013|work=JD Journal}}</ref> but Maines won her lawsuit against the Orono school district in January 2014 before the Maine Supreme Judicial Court.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharp|first=David|date=January 31, 2014|title=Maine Court Rules In Favor Of Transgender Pupil|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/31/maine-court-transgender-pupil_n_4703670.html|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151212073816/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/31/maine-court-transgender-pupil_n_4703670.html|archive-date=December 12, 2015}}</ref> On May 14, 2016, the [[United States Department of Education]] and [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] issued guidance directing public schools to allow transgender students to use bathrooms that match their gender identities.<ref>{{cite web|last=Grinberg|first=Emanuella|date=May 14, 2016|title=Feds issue guidance on transgender access to school bathrooms|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/politics/transgender-bathrooms-obama-administration/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518070709/http://www.cnn.com/2016/05/12/politics/transgender-bathrooms-obama-administration/|archive-date=May 18, 2016|access-date=May 19, 2016|publisher=[[CNN]]}}</ref> − − On June 30, 2016, the [[United States Department of Defense]] removed the ban that prohibited transgender people from openly serving in the US military.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=June 30, 2016|title=Transgender Service Members Can Now Serve Openly, Carter Announces|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/822235/transgender-service-members-can-now-serve-openly-carter-announces/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810090404/https://www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/822235/transgender-service-members-can-now-serve-openly-carter-announces/|archive-date=August 10, 2017|access-date=August 9, 2017}}</ref> On July 27, 2017, President [[Donald Trump]] [[Twitter usage|tweeted]] that transgender Americans would not be allowed to serve "in any capacity" in the [[United States Armed Forces]].<ref name="reinstatement">{{cite news|date=July 26, 2017|title=Trump: Transgender people 'can't serve' in US military|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40729996|url-status=live|access-date=August 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729073833/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-40729996|archive-date=July 29, 2017}}</ref> Later that day, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman [[Joseph Dunford]] announced, "there will be no modifications to the current policy until the president's direction has been received by the [[James Mattis|Secretary of Defense]] and the secretary has issued implementation guidance."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=2017-07-26|title=The Joint Chiefs say there'll be no transgender policy changes until Trump clarifies his Tweets|publisher=NBC News|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/joint-chiefs-no-transgender-policy-changes-until-trump-clarifies-tweets-n787076|url-status=live|access-date=2017-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809032120/http://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/joint-chiefs-no-transgender-policy-changes-until-trump-clarifies-tweets-n787076|archive-date=2017-08-09}}</ref> [[Joe Biden]] later reversed Trump's policy when he became president in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/lloyd-austin-transgender-military-harris-biden/index.html|title=Biden lifts transgender military ban|author=Kate Sullivan|website=CNN|access-date=2021-08-18|archive-date=2021-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103120521/https://www.cnn.com/2021/01/25/politics/lloyd-austin-transgender-military-harris-biden/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/video/biden-to-transgender-americans-your-president-has-your-back-111031877945|title=Biden to transgender Americans: 'Your president has your back'|website=NBC News|access-date=2021-08-18|archive-date=2021-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818123240/https://www.nbcnews.com/video/biden-to-transgender-americans-your-president-has-your-back-111031877945|url-status=live}}</ref> − − === India === − {{Main|LGBT rights in India#Transgender rights}} − [[File:Jogappas at Bangalore.jpg|thumb|''[[Hinduism and LGBT topics#The Jogappa|Jogappa]]'' is a transgender community in [[Karnataka]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]]. They are traditional folk singers and dancers.]] − In April 2014, the [[Supreme Court of India]] declared transgender to be a 'third gender' in Indian law.<ref>{{cite news|date=15 April 2014|title=India recognises transgender people as third gender|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/15/india-recognises-transgender-people-third-gender|url-status=live|access-date=15 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415221112/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/15/india-recognises-transgender-people-third-gender|archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=McCoy|first=Terrence|date=15 April 2014|title=India now recognizes transgender citizens as 'third gender'|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/15/india-now-recognizes-transgender-citizens-as-third-gender/?tid=hp_mm|url-status=live|access-date=15 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415141006/http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2014/04/15/india-now-recognizes-transgender-citizens-as-third-gender/?tid=hp_mm|archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 April 2014|title=Supreme Court recognizes transgenders as 'third gender'|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-recognizes-transgenders-as-third-gender/articleshow/33767900.cms|url-status=live|access-date=15 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415112611/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Supreme-Court-recognizes-transgenders-as-third-gender/articleshow/33767900.cms|archive-date=15 April 2014}}</ref> The transgender community in India (made up of Hijras and others) has a long history in India and in [[Hindu mythology]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Why transgender not an option in civil service exam form: HC|website=[[The Times of India]]|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-transgender-not-an-option-in-civil-service-exam-form-HC/articleshow/47677633.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203163129/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Why-transgender-not-an-option-in-civil-service-exam-form-HC/articleshow/47677633.cms|archive-date=2015-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=2015-06-15|title=Why transgender not an option in civil service exam form: HC|newspaper=The Economic Times|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-transgender-not-an-option-in-civil-service-exam-form-delhi-hc/articleshow/47677858.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125192422/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/why-transgender-not-an-option-in-civil-service-exam-form-delhi-hc/articleshow/47677858.cms|archive-date=2016-01-25}}</ref> Justice KS Radhakrishnan noted in his decision that, "Seldom, our society realizes or cares to realize the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex", adding: − − {{blockquote|Non-recognition of the identity of Hijras/transgender persons denies them equal protection of law, thereby leaving them extremely vulnerable to harassment, violence and sexual assault in public spaces, at home and in jail, also by the police. Sexual assault, including molestation, rape, forced anal and oral sex, gang rape and stripping is being committed with impunity and there are reliable statistics and materials to support such activities. Further, non-recognition of identity of Hijras/transgender persons results in them facing extreme discrimination in all spheres of society, especially in the field of employment, education, healthcare etc.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5356279d4.pdf |title=IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.400 OF 2012 |access-date=2019-06-19 |archive-date=2017-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625155637/http://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5356279d4.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>}} − − Hijras face structural discrimination including not being able to obtain driving licenses, and being prohibited from accessing various social benefits. It is also common for them to be banished from communities.<ref name="worldpolicy">{{cite web|date=29 January 2014|title=Hijras: The Battle for Equality|url=https://worldpolicy.org/2014/01/29/hijras-the-battle-for-equality/|access-date=23 June 2019|archive-date=23 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623220946/https://worldpolicy.org/2014/01/29/hijras-the-battle-for-equality/|url-status=dead}}</ref> − − == Religion == − {{Main|Transgender people and religion}} − [[The Roman Catholic Church]] has been involved in the outreach to LGBT community for several years and continues doing so through Franciscan urban outreach centers, for example, the Open Hearts outreach in [[Hartford, Connecticut]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Open Hearts LGBT Ministry :: Community Life :: St. Patrick - St. Anthony Church and the Franciscan Center for Urban Ministry :: Hartford, CT Roman Catholic Church|url=http://www.spsact.org/main-menu/community-life/open-hearts-lgbt-ministry/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813103514/http://www.spsact.org/main-menu/community-life/open-hearts-lgbt-ministry/|archive-date=2017-08-13|access-date=2017-08-13}}</ref> The Vatican, however, holds that transgender people cannot become [[godparent]]s and compares transitioning to self-harm.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2019/06/10/vatican-rejects-gender-change-alarm-lgbt-catholics/6mZJ4YXK3eIYyzb2qT3lgK/story.html|title=Vatican rejects gender change to alarm of LGBT Catholics |website=The Boston Globe|access-date=2021-01-25|archive-date=2021-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210129215144/https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/world/2019/06/10/vatican-rejects-gender-change-alarm-lgbt-catholics/6mZJ4YXK3eIYyzb2qT3lgK/story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> − − == Feminism == − {{Main|Feminist views on transgender topics|Transfeminism}} − − Feminist views on transgender women have changed over time, but have generally become more inclusive. [[Second-wave feminism]] saw numerous clashes opposed to transgender women, since they were not seen as "true" women, and as invading women-only spaces.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|date=2014-07-28|title=What Is a Woman?|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2|access-date=2022-01-23|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|archive-date=2019-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113031943/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/04/woman-2|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Marcus156">{{cite book|author-last=Marcus|author-first=Eric|title=Making Gay History: The Half-Century Fight for Lesbian and Gay Equal Rights|date=2002|publisher=Harper|isbn=9780060933913|location=New York|page=156|oclc=1082454306|author-link=Eric Marcus}}</ref> Though second-wave feminism argued for the [[sex and gender distinction]], some feminists believed there was a conflict between transgender identity and the feminist cause; e.g., they believed that male-to-female transition abandoned or devalued female identity and that transgender people embraced traditional gender roles and stereotypes.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hines|first1=Sally|url=https://archive.org/details/transforminggend00hine|title=TransForming Gender: Transgender Practices of Identity, Intimacy and Care|date=2007|publisher=Policy Press|isbn=978-1861349163|location=Bristol|pages=[https://archive.org/details/transforminggend00hine/page/n89 85]–101|url-access=limited}}</ref> By the emergence of [[third-wave feminism]] (around 1990), opinions had shifted to being more inclusive of both trans and gay identities.<ref name="grady_vox2">{{cite news|last=Grady|first=Constance|date=20 June 2018|title=The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth|url-status=live|access-date=26 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405172242/https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth|archive-date=5 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Witherspoon Institute">{{cite web|last1=Yenor|first1=Scott|date=31 July 2017|title=The Rolling Revolution in Sex and Gender: A History|url=https://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2017/07/19766/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215060405/https://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2017/07/19766/|archive-date=15 December 2018|access-date=21 April 2019|website=Public Discourse|publisher=[[Witherspoon Institute]]}}</ref> [[Fourth-wave feminism]] (starting around 2012) has been widely trans-inclusive, but trans-exclusive groups and ideas remain as a minority, though one that is especially prominent in the UK.<ref name="Flaherty 2018a">{{cite web|author-last1=Flaherty|author-first1=Colleen|date=2018-06-06|title=By Any Other Name|url=https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/06/06/philosophy-really-ignoring-important-questions-about-transgender-identity|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519075321/http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2018/06/06/philosophy-really-ignoring-important-questions-about-transgender-identity|archive-date=19 May 2019|access-date=2019-05-06|website=[[Inside Higher Ed]]|language=en}}</ref><ref name="grady_vox2"/><ref name="Lewis 2019">{{cite news|date=7 February 2019|title=Opinion {{!}} How British Feminism Became Anti-Trans|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/terf-trans-women-britain.html|url-status=live|access-date=5 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115191351/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/opinion/terf-trans-women-britain.html|archive-date=15 November 2019|issn=0362-4331|author-last=Lewis|author-first=Sophie}}</ref> Self-proclaimed feminists who do not accept trans individuals may be labeled "trans-exclusionary radical feminists" or [[TERF]]s, for short.<ref name=":02">{{cite journal|last1=Stryker|first1=Susan|last2=Bettcher|first2=Talia|date=2016|title=Introduction: Trans/Feminisms|url=https://read.dukeupress.edu/tsq/article/3/1-2/5/91824/IntroductionTrans-Feminisms#|journal=Transgender Studies Quarterly|publisher=Duke University Press|volume=3|issue=1–2|doi=10.1215/23289252-3334127|access-date=17 September 2020|doi-access=free|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405174836/https://read.dukeupress.edu/tsq/article/3/1-2/5/91824/IntroductionTrans-Feminisms|url-status=live}}</ref> − − == Discrimination == − {{See also|Transphobia}} − − === Employment discrimination === − Transgender individuals experience significant rates of employment discrimination. Approximately 90% of trans people have encountered some form of harassment or mistreatment in their workplace. Moreover, 47% have experienced some form of adverse employment outcome due to being transgender; of this figure, 44% were passed over for a job, 23% were denied a promotion, and 26% were terminated on the grounds that they were transgender.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-06-03|title=Gay and Transgender People Face High Rates of Workplace Discrimination and Harassment|url=https://genprogress.org/gay-and-transgender-people-face-high-rates-of-workplace-discrimination/|access-date=2021-03-23|website=Generation Progress|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421133050/https://genprogress.org/gay-and-transgender-people-face-high-rates-of-workplace-discrimination/|url-status=live}}</ref> − − ===Support=== − {{Expand section|date=September 2021}} − Studies in several cultures have found that cisgender women are more likely to be accepting of trans people than cisgender men.<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19317611.2019.1701170?journalCode=wijs20|title=Patrolling the Boundaries of Gender: Beliefs, Attitudes and Behaviors Toward Trans and Gender Diverse People in Portuguese Adolescents|first1=María Victoria|last1=Carrera-Fernández|first2=Ana|last2=Almeida|first3=Xosé Manuel|last3=Cid-Fernández|first4=Pablo|last4=Vallejo-Medina|first5=Yolanda|last5=Rodríguez-Castro|journal=International Journal of Sexual Health|volume=32|issue=1|pages=40–56|date=18 December 2019|doi=10.1080/19317611.2019.1701170|s2cid=214355852|access-date=21 August 2021|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125014940/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19317611.2019.1701170?journalCode=wijs20&|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first1=Karolina|last1=Konopka|first2=Monika|last2=Prusik|first3=Michał|last3=Szulawski|title=Two Sexes, Two Genders Only: Measuring Attitudes toward Transgender Individuals in Poland|journal=Sex Roles|year=2020|volume=82|issue=9–10|pages=600–621|doi=10.1007/s11199-019-01071-7|s2cid=199862108|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/4/e031569|title=Paediatricians' attitudes and beliefs towards transgender people: a cross-sectional survey in Israel|first1=Nitsan|last1=Landau|first2=Uri|last2=Hamiel|first3=Itay Tokatly|last3=Latzer|first4=Elinor|last4=Mauda|first5=Noah|last5=Levek|first6=Liana|last6=Tripto-Shkolnik|first7=Orit|last7=Pinhas-Hamiel|journal=BMJ Open|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031569|date=2020|volume=10|number=4|pages=e031569|pmid=32341041|pmc=7204925|access-date=2021-08-21|archive-date=2021-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610143239/https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/4/e031569|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcop.22546|title=Individual factors and cisgender college students' attitudes and behaviors toward transgender individuals|first1=Laura|last1=Hackimer|first2=Cliff Y.-C.|last2=Chen|first3=Jay|last3=Verkuilen|journal=Journal of Community Psychology|date=5 March 2021|volume=49|issue=6|pages=2023–2039|doi=10.1002/jcop.22546|issn=0090-4392|pmid=33667012|s2cid=232121524|access-date=21 August 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610144707/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jcop.22546|url-status=live}}</ref> − − == Scientific studies of transsexuality == − A 1996 study of Swedes estimated a ratio of 1.4:1 trans women to trans men for those requesting sex reassignment surgery and a ratio of 1:1 for those who proceeded.<ref name="sept2207">{{cite journal|last1=Landén|first1=M|last2=Wålindel|first2=J|last3=Lundström|first3=B|year=1996|title=Incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism in Sweden|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=93|issue=4|pages=261–3|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0447.1996.tb10645.x|pmid=8712025|s2cid=145126158}}</ref>{{Non-primary source needed|date=June 2021}} A study in 2020 noted that, since 1990, of those seeking sex hormone therapy for gender dysphoria there has been a steady increase in the percentage of trans men, such that they now equal the number of trans women seeking this treatment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Leinung |first1=Matthew C |title=Changing Demographics in Transgender Individuals Seeking Hormonal Therapy: Are Trans Women More Common Than Trans Men? |journal=Transgender Health |date=2020 |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=241–245 |doi=10.1089/trgh.2019.0070 |pmid=33644314 |pmc=7906237 }}</ref> − − {{Excerpt|Causes of transsexuality|fragment=factors|quote=yes}} − − An observational study revealed that transgender people receiving hormone therapy from the [[Amsterdam University]] Medical Centre in the Netherlands had higher mortality rates than the general population, and that this did not decrease during the duration of the study (1972 to 2018). Other studies have also found increased mortality in transgender people.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=de Blok |first1=Christel JM |last2=Wiepjes |first2=Chantal M |last3=van Velzen |first3=Daan M |last4=Staphorsius |first4=Annemieke S |last5=Nota |first5=Nienke M |last6=Gooren |first6=Louis JG |last7=Kreukels |first7=Baudewijntje PC |last8=den Heijer |first8=Martin |title=Mortality trends over five decades in adult transgender people receiving hormone treatment: a report from the Amsterdam cohort of gender dysphoria |journal=The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology |date=2021 |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=663–670 |doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00185-6|pmid=34481559 |s2cid=237423345 }}</ref> − − == Population figures and prevalence == − {{See also|Transsexual#Prevalence}} − Little is known about the prevalence of transgender people in the general population and reported prevalence estimates are greatly affected by variable − definitions of transgender.<ref name="Collin2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Collin|first1=Lindsay|last2=Reisner|first2=Sari L.|last3=Tangpricha|first3=Vin|last4=Goodman|first4=Michael|date=2016|title=Prevalence of Transgender Depends on the "Case" Definition: A Systematic Review|journal=The Journal of Sexual Medicine|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=613–626|doi=10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.02.001|pmc=4823815|pmid=27045261}}</ref> According to a recent systematic review, an estimated 9.2 out of every 100,000 people have received or requested [[sex reassignment surgery|gender affirmation surgery]] or [[transgender hormone therapy]]; 6.8 out of every 100,000 people have received a transgender-specific diagnoses; and 355 out of every 100,000 people self-identify as transgender.<ref name="Collin2016"/> These findings underscore the value of using consistent terminology related to studying the experience of transgender, as studies that explore surgical or hormonal gender affirmation therapy may or may not be connected with others that follow a diagnosis of “transsexualism", “gender identity disorder", or “gender dysphoria", none of which may relate with those that assess self-reported identity.<ref name="Collin2016"/> Common terminology across studies does not yet exist, so population numbers may be inconsistent, depending on how they are being counted. − − === Asia === − In [[Thailand]] and [[Laos]],<ref name="Laos1">Doussantousse, S. (2005) "...The Lao Kathoey's characteristics appear to be similar to other transgenders in the region..." in [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_doussantousse.htm Male Sexual Health: Kathoeys in the Lao PDR, South East Asia – Exploring a gender minority] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819021051/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_doussantousse.htm|date=2007-08-19}} from the [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/ Transgender ASIA Research Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823115109/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/|date=2007-08-23}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> the term [[kathoey]] is used to refer to male-to-female transgender people<ref name="Thailand1">Jackson, P. (2003) [http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/jackson.html Performative Genders, Perverse Desires: A Bio-History of Thailand's Same-Sex and Transgender Cultures] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403051912/http://wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/jackson.html|date=2007-04-03}} in Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context, Issue 9, August 2003.</ref> and [[effeminate]] gay men.<ref name="Thailand2">Winter, S. and Udomsak, N. (2002) [http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm Male, Female and Transgender: Stereotypes and Self in Thailand] in the International Journal of Transgender, Volume 6, Number 1, January – March 2002. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228130914/http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtvo06no01_04.htm|date=February 28, 2007}}</ref> Transgender people have also been documented in [[Transsexuality in Iran|Iran]],<ref name="Iran1">Harrison, F. (2005) "...He shows me the book in Arabic in which, 41 years ago, Ayatollah Khomeini wrote about new medical issues like transsexuality. "I believe he was the first Islamic scientist in the world of Islam who raised the issue of sex change," says Hojatulislam Kariminia. The Ayatollah's ruling that sex-change operations were allowed has been reconfirmed by Iran's current spiritual leader..." in [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/4115535.stm Iran's sex-change operations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817100337/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/4115535.stm|date=2007-08-17}}, from the [http://news.bbc.co.uk/ BBC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990421123252/http://news.bbc.co.uk/|date=1999-04-21}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> Japan,<ref name="Japan1">{{cite journal|last1=Mitsuhashi|first1=J.|date=2006|title=The transgender world in contemporary Japan: the male to female cross‐dressers' community in Shinjuku|journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies|volume=7|issue=2|pages=202–227|doi=10.1080/14649370600673847|s2cid=143080943|translator-last1=Hasegawa|translator-first1=K.}} "...the male to female cross-dressing (MTFCD) community in Shinjuku, Tokyo, which plays an important role in the overall transgender world and how people in the community think and live..."</ref> [[Nepal]],<ref name="Nepal1">Haviland, C. (2005) "...The Gurung people of western Nepal have a tradition of men called maarunis, who dance in female clothes..." in [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4202893.stm Crossing sexual boundaries in Nepal] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070828102820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4202893.stm|date=2007-08-28}}, from the [http://news.bbc.co.uk/ BBC] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990421123252/http://news.bbc.co.uk/|date=1999-04-21}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> [[Indonesia]],<ref name="Indonesia1">Graham, S. (2002) "...Among the Bugis of South Sulawesi, possibly four genders are acknowledged plus a fifth para-gender identity. In addition to male-men (oroane) and female-women (makunrai)..., there are calalai (masculine females), calabai (feminine males), and bissu..." in [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_priests_and_gender.htm Priests and gender in South Sulawesi, Indonesia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011215412/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_priests_and_gender.htm|date=2007-10-11}} from the [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/ Transgender ASIA Research Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823115109/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/|date=2007-08-23}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> [[Vietnam]],<ref name="Vietnam1">Walters, I. (2006) "...In Vietnam, male to female (MtF) transgender people are categorised as lai cai, bong cai, bong lai cai, dong co, or be-de..." in [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_vietnam.htm Vietnam Some notes by Ian Walters] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011220422/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/paper_vietnam.htm|date=2007-10-11}} from the [http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/ Transgender ASIA Research Centre] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823115109/http://web.hku.hk/~sjwinter/TransgenderASIA/|date=2007-08-23}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> South Korea,<ref name="SKorea1">Shim, S. (2006) "...Rush, catering especially to crossdressers and transgenders, is a cafe owned by a 46-year-old man who goes by the female name Lee Cho-rong. "...Many people in South Korea don't really understand the difference between gay and transgender. I'm not gay. I was born a man but eager to live as a woman and be beautiful," said Lee..." in [http://english.yna.co.kr/Engnews/20060523/480100000020060523094019E8.html S. Korea in dilemma over transgender citizens right to choose] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070817101936/http://english.yna.co.kr/Engnews/20060523/480100000020060523094019E8.html|date=2007-08-17}} from the [http://english.yna.co.kr/Engservices/6800000000.html Yonhap News Agency] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717185425/http://english.yna.co.kr/Engservices/6800000000.html|date=2007-07-17}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> [[LGBT rights in Jordan|Jordan]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=News reporting an average of 2-3 Jordanians per year officially change their gender|url=https://www.ammonnews.net/article/208487|website=Ammon News|language=ar|access-date=2020-08-31|archive-date=2018-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616033235/https://www.ammonnews.net/article/208487|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Transgender people in Singapore|Singapore]],<ref name="Singapore1">Heng, R. (2005) "...Even if we take Bugis Street as a starting point, we should remember that cross-dressing did not emerge suddenly out of nowhere. Across Asia, there is a tradition of cross-dressing and other forms of transgender behaviour in many places with a rich local lexicon and rituals associated with them...." in [http://www.yawningbread.org/guest_2005/guw-101.htm Where queens ruled! - a history of gay venues in Singapore] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011160736/http://yawningbread.org/guest_2005/guw-101.htm|date=2007-10-11}} from [[IndigNation]]. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> and the [[transgender in China|greater Chinese region]], including Hong Kong,<ref name="HongKong1">{{cite journal|last1=Emerton|first1=R.|date=2006|title=Finding a voice, fighting for rights: the emergence of the transgender movement in Hong Kong|journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies|volume=7|issue=2|pages=243–269|doi=10.1080/14649370600673896|s2cid=145122793}} "...Hong Kong's transgender movement at its current stage, with particular reference to the objectives and activities of the Hong Kong Transgender Equality and Acceptance Movement..."</ref><ref name="HongKong2">Hung, L. (2007) "...there are many archetypal flamboyant embodiments of female-to-male transgender physicality living and displaying their unrestrained, dashing iconic presence..." in [http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ant/gender/7Feb07.doc Trans-Boy Fashion, or How to Tailor-Make a King] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927052144/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ant/gender/7Feb07.doc |date=2007-09-27 }} from the [http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ant/gender/ Gender Studies programme of The Chinese University of Hong Kong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927052144/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ant/gender/7Feb07.doc |date=2007-09-27 }} . Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> [[Taiwan]],<ref name="Taiwan1">{{cite journal|last1=Ho|first1=J.|author-link=Josephine Ho|date=2006|title=Embodying gender: transgender body/subject formations in Taiwan|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0a6004f43a6a4e4710e5bcd6fd3bddaf6cf7585f|journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies|volume=7|issue=2|pages=228–242|doi=10.1080/14649370600673888|s2cid=43951816|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-date=2022-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125014944/https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Embodying-gender%3A-transgender-body%2Fsubject-in-1-Ho/0a6004f43a6a4e4710e5bcd6fd3bddaf6cf7585f|url-status=live}} "...specificities of Taiwanese transgender existence in relation to body- and subject-formations, in hope to not only shed light on the actualities of trans efforts toward self-fashioning, but also illuminate the increasing entanglement between trans self-construction and the evolving gender culture that saturates it..."</ref> and the People's Republic of China.<ref name="PRC1">Hahn, L. (2005) "...Aware that he often felt more like a woman than a man, Jin Xing underwent a sex change in 1995; a daring move in a conservative Chinese society..." in [http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/talkasia.xing.scirpt/ Jin Xing TalkAsia Interview Transcript – June 13, 2005] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011212746/http://www.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/asiapcf/06/13/talkasia.xing.scirpt/|date=October 11, 2007}} from [http://www.cnn.com/ CNN] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010911200318/http://www.cnn.com/|date=2001-09-11}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref><ref name="PRC3">Goldkorn, J. (2006) "...At one point in 2003, there was so much media coverage of transsexuals in China that Danwei started a special section for it..." in [http://www.danwei.org/newspapers/post_28.php Transsexuals in the Chinese media again] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827131506/http://www.danwei.org/newspapers/post_28.php|date=2007-08-27}} from [http://www.danwei.org/ Danwei] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070705004832/http://danwei.org/|date=2007-07-05}}. Retrieved 2007-07-22.</ref> − − The cultures of the [[Indian subcontinent]] include a [[third gender]], referred to as [[hijra (South Asia)|hijra]] in [[Hindi]]. In [[India]], the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] on April 15, 2014, recognized a third gender that is neither male nor female, stating "Recognition of transgenders as a third gender is not a social or medical issue but a human rights issue."<ref>{{cite web|date=April 15, 2014|title=Transgenders are the 'third gender', rules Supreme Court|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/transgenders-are-the-third-gender-rules-supreme-court-508705|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415135613/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/transgenders-are-the-third-gender-rules-supreme-court-508705|archive-date=April 15, 2014|access-date=April 15, 2014|publisher=NDTV}}</ref> In [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]], [[Shabnam Mausi]] became the first transgender person to be elected in India, in the central Indian state of [[Madhya Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|date=November 22, 2018|title=Telangana assembly elections 2018: Chandramukhi eyes Goshamahal glory, ready for tryst with 1st transgender party|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/chandramukhi-eyes-goshamahal-glory-ready-for-tryst-with-1st-transgender-party/articleshow/66743495.cms|access-date=November 22, 2018|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=November 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122100606/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/chandramukhi-eyes-goshamahal-glory-ready-for-tryst-with-1st-transgender-party/articleshow/66743495.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> − − === Europe === − ==== European Union ==== − According to [[Amnesty International]], 1.5 million transgender people live in the [[European Union]], making up 0.3% of the population.<ref>{{cite news|author=M.H.|date=1 September 2017|title=Why transgender people are being sterilised in some European countries|newspaper=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/09/economist-explains|url-status=live|access-date=2 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901233033/https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2017/09/economist-explains|archive-date=1 September 2017}}</ref> − − ====UK==== − A 2011 survey conducted by the [[Equality and Human Rights Commission]] in the UK found that of 10,026 respondents, 1.4% would be classified into a gender minority group. The survey also showed that 1% had gone through any part of a gender reassignment process (including thoughts or actions).<ref name="ehrc2012">{{cite web|last1=Glen|first1=Fiona|last2=Hurrell|first2=Karen|date=2012|title=Technical note: Measuring Gender Identity|url=https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/technical_note_final.pdf|access-date=30 May 2019|publisher=Equality and Human Rights Commission|archive-date=2 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802101054/https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/technical_note_final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> − − ===North America=== − ==== Canada ==== − − ===== LGBT community ===== − The 2017 survey of Canadian LGBT+ people called ''LGBT+ Realities Survey'' found that of the 1,897 respondents 11% identified as transgender (7% binary transgender, 4% non-binary transgender) and 1% identified as non-binary outside of the transgender umbrella.<ref>{{cite web|date=2017|title=The values, needs and realities of LGBT people in Canada in 2017|url=https://fondationjasminroy.com/en/initiative/lgbt-realities-survey/|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727230336/https://fondationjasminroy.com/en/initiative/lgbt-realities-survey/|url-status=live}}</ref> The 2019 survey of the Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ population in the Canadian city of [[Hamilton, Ontario]], called ''Mapping the Void: Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ Experiences in Hamilton'' showed that 27.6% of the 906 respondents identified as transgender.<ref>{{cite web|date=11 Jun 2019|title=Mapping the Void: Two-Spirit and LGBTQ+ Experiences in Hamilton|url=https://labourstudies.mcmaster.ca/documents/mappingthevoid.pdf|access-date=19 July 2019|archive-date=3 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190703192933/https://labourstudies.mcmaster.ca/documents/mappingthevoid.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> − − ===== Canadian population ===== − The ''Trans PULSE'' survey conducted in 2009 and 2010 suggest that as many as 1 in 200 adults may be trans (transgender, transsexual, or transitioned) in the Canadian province of [[Ontario]].<ref>{{cite web|date=24 April 2014|title=Trans PALSE|url=http://transpulseproject.ca/research/sex-gender-diversity-among-transgender-persons-ontario-canada-results-respondent-driven-sampling-survey/|access-date=27 July 2019|archive-date=27 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190727230336/http://transpulseproject.ca/research/sex-gender-diversity-among-transgender-persons-ontario-canada-results-respondent-driven-sampling-survey/|url-status=live}}</ref> − − According to the ''Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces'' by [[Statistics Canada]] in 2018, 0.24% of the Canadian population identified as transgender men, women or non-binary individuals. With 95% [[confidence interval]] applied, this figure changes to a range of 0.16% to 0.36%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/98-20-0002/982000022020002-eng.cfm|title=Sex at birth and gender: Technical report on changes for the 2021 Census|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=July 20, 2020|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca|access-date=September 27, 2021|archive-date=July 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717150155/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/ref/98-20-0002/982000022020002-eng.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> − − ==== United States ==== − The Social Security Administration, since 1936, has tracked the sex of citizens.<ref name="Harris">{{Cite web|last=Harris|first=Benjamin Cerf|date=2015|title=Likely Transgender Individuals in U.S. Federal Administrative Records and the 2010 Census|url=https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2015/adrm/carra-wp-2015-03.pdf|website=Census.gov|access-date=2019-08-23|archive-date=2019-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823182413/https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2015/adrm/carra-wp-2015-03.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Using this information, along with the Census data, Benjamin Cerf Harris tracked the prevalence of citizens changing to names associated with the opposite sex or changing sex marker. Harris found that such changes had occurred as early as 1936. He estimated that 89,667 individuals included in the 2010 Census had changed to an opposite-gendered name, 21,833 of whom had also changed sex marker.<ref name="Harris" /> Prevalence in the States varied, from 1.4 to 10.6 per 100,000.<ref name="Harris" /> While most people legally changed both name and sex, about a quarter of people changed name, and then five years later changed sex.<ref name="Harris" /> An earlier estimate in 1968, by Ira B. Pauly, estimated that about 2,500 transsexual people were living in the United States, with four times as many trans women as trans men.<ref name="Pauly">{{Cite journal|last=Pauly|first=Ira B.|date=1968|title=The Current Status of the Change of Sex Operation|journal=The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease|language=en|volume=147|issue=5|pages=460–471|doi=10.1097/00005053-196811000-00003|issn=0022-3018|pmid=5726920|s2cid=42050429}}</ref> − − One effort to quantify the population in 2011 gave a "rough estimate" that 0.3% of adults in the [[US]] are transgender.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/upshot/the-search-for-the-best-estimate-of-the-transgender-population.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224081511/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/09/upshot/the-search-for-the-best-estimate-of-the-transgender-population.html?_r=0 |url-status=dead |title=The Search for the Best Estimate of the Transgender Population|first=Claire Cain|last=Miller|date=June 8, 2015|archive-date=February 24, 2017|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/publications/how-many-people-lgbt/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425174542/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-How-Many-People-LGBT-Apr-2011.pdf |url-status=dead |title=How Many People are Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender?|first=Loyal |last=thisisloyal.com|archive-date=April 25, 2015|website=Williams Institute}}</ref> More recent studies released in 2016 estimate the proportion of Americans who identify as transgender at 0.5 to 0.6%. This would put the total number of transgender Americans at approximately 1.4 million adults ({{as of|2016|lc=y}}).<ref>{{cite magazine|author=Steinmetz, Katy|date=30 June 2016|title=1.4 Million Americans Identify as Transgender, Study Finds|url=http://time.com/4389936/transgender-americans-statistic-how-many/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160630205328/http://time.com/4389936/transgender-americans-statistic-how-many/|archive-date=30 June 2016|access-date=30 June 2016|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=June 2016|title=How Many Adults Identify as Transgender in the United States|url=http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718010850/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf|archive-date=2016-07-18|access-date=2016-08-25|publisher=The Williams Institute}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Crissman|first1=Halley P.|last2=Berger|first2=Mitchell B.|last3=Graham|first3=Louis F.|last4=Dalton|first4=Vanessa K.|year=2016|title=Transgender Demographics: A Household Probability Sample of US Adults, 2014|journal=American Journal of Public Health|volume=107|issue=2|pages=213–215|doi=10.2105/AJPH.2016.303571|pmc=5227939|pmid=27997239}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medicalresearch.com/author-interviews/about-1-in-189-us-americans-identify-as-transgender/30672/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103004810/https://medicalresearch.com/author-interviews/about-1-in-189-us-americans-identify-as-transgender/30672/ |url-status=dead |title=About 1 in 189 US Americans Identify as Transgender|first=Marie Benz MD|last=FAAD|archive-date=January 3, 2017}}</ref> − − A survey by the [[Pew Research Center]] in 2017 found that American society is divided on "whether it's possible for someone to be a gender different from the sex they were assigned at birth."<ref name="Brown">{{cite web|last=Brown|first=Anna|date=November 8, 2017|title=Republicans, Democrats have starkly different views on transgender issues|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/08/transgender-issues-divide-republicans-and-democrats/|access-date=October 17, 2019|website=Pew Research Center|archive-date=October 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018101506/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/08/transgender-issues-divide-republicans-and-democrats/|url-status=live}}</ref> It states, "Overall, roughly half of Americans (54%) say that whether someone is a man or a woman is determined by the sex they were assigned at birth, while 44% say someone can be a man or a woman even if that is different from the sex they were assigned at birth."<ref name="Brown"/> − − ==== Native American and First Nations ==== − In what is now the United States and Canada, some [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] and [[First Nations of Canada|First Nations]] cultures traditionally recognize the existence of more than two genders,<ref name="theamerindianmanWoman">{{cite journal|last1=Fulton|first1=Robert|last2=Anderson|first2=Steven W.|year=1992|title=The Amerindian "Man-Woman": Gender, Liminality, and Cultural Continuity|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|volume=33|issue=5|pages=603–10|doi=10.1086/204124|issn=1537-5382|jstor=2743927|s2cid=145077361}}</ref> such as the [[Zuni people|Zuni]] male-bodied ''[[lhamana]]'',<ref name="thezunilhamana">{{cite journal|last=Parsons|first=Elsie Clews|year=1916|title=The Zuñi Ła'mana|journal=[[American Anthropologist]]|volume=18|issue=4|pages=521–8|doi=10.1525/aa.1916.18.4.02a00060|issn=1548-1433|jstor=660121|quote=Of these 'men-women' ....}}</ref> the [[Lakota people|Lakota]] male-bodied ''[[winkte]]'',<ref name="Medicine">Medicine, B. (2002) [http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/medicine.htm Directions in Gender Research in American Indian Societies: Two Spirits and Other Categories] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030330115133/http://www.ac.wwu.edu/~culture/medicine.htm|date=2003-03-30}}, taken from Online Readings in Psychology and Culture Center for Cross-Cultural Research, Unit 3, Chapter 2, Western Washington University.</ref> and the [[Mohave people|Mohave]] male-bodied ''alyhaa'' and female-bodied ''hwamee''.<ref name="straightmyth">{{cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=H. N.|date=2001|title=The Myth of the Heterosexual: Anthropology and Sexuality for Classicists|journal=Arethusa|volume=34|issue=3|pages=313–362|doi=10.1353/are.2001.0016|s2cid=161526282}}</ref> These traditional people, along with those from other [[Indigenous peoples of North America|North American Indigenous]] cultures, are sometimes part of the contemporary, pan-Indian [[Two-Spirit]] community.<ref name="Medicine" /> Historically, in most cultures who have alternate gender roles, if the spouse of a third gender person is not otherwise [[gender variant]], they have not generally been regarded as other-gendered themselves, simply for being in a same-sex relationship.<ref name="straightmyth" /> In Mexico, the [[Zapotec people|Zapotec]] culture includes a third gender in the form of the [[Muxe]].<ref name="sexualitiesandgendersinzapotecoaxaca">{{cite journal|last=Stephen|first=Lynn|year=2002|title=Sexualities and Genders in Zapotec Oaxaca|journal=Latin American Perspectives|volume=29|issue=2|pages=41–59|doi=10.1177/0094582x0202900203|issn=0094-582X|jstor=3185126|s2cid=145808692}}</ref> [[Mahu (person)|Mahu]] is a traditional third gender in Hawai'i and Tahiti. Mahu are valued as teachers, caretakers of culture, and healers, such as [[Kapaemahu]]. Diné (Navajo) have [[Nádleehi]].<ref name=":2"/> − − === Latin America === − In Latin American cultures, a [[Travesti (gender identity)|travesti]] is an individual who has been assigned male at birth and who has a feminine, transfeminine, or "femme" gender identity. Travestis generally undergo hormonal treatment, use female gender expression including new names and pronouns from the masculine ones they were given when assigned a sex, and might use breast implants, but they are not offered or do not desire sex-reassignment surgery. Travesti might be regarded as a gender in itself (a "third gender"), a mix between man and woman ("intergender/androgynes"), or the presence of both masculine and feminine identities in a single person ("bigender"). They are framed as something entirely separate from transgender women, who possess the same gender identity of people assigned female at birth.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kulick |first=Don |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38842085 |title=Travesti : Sex, Gender, and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes |date=1998 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-46099-1 |location=Chicago |oclc=38842085 |access-date=2021-09-27 |archive-date=2009-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516183615/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38842085 |url-status=live }}</ref> − − Other transgender identities are becoming more widely known, as a result of contact with other cultures of the Western world.<ref name="folha">{{Cite web|url=http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/1231466-a-nova-geracao-gay-nas-universidades-dos-eua.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222013956/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/1231466-a-nova-geracao-gay-nas-universidades-dos-eua.shtml |url-status=dead |title=Folha de S.Paulo - Ilustríssima - A nova geração gay nas universidades dos EUA - 17/02/2013|archive-date=February 22, 2014|website=Folha online}}</ref> These newer identities, sometimes known under the umbrella use of the term "genderqueer",<ref name="folha" /> along with the older ''travesti'' term, are known as non-binary and go along with binary transgender identities (those traditionally diagnosed under the now obsolete label of "transsexualism") under the single umbrella of ''transgender'', but are distinguished from cross-dressers and drag queens and kings, that are held as nonconforming gender expressions rather than transgender gender identities when a distinction is made.<ref>[[João W. Nery]]: ''Viagem solitária: Memórias de um transexual 30 anos depois''; São Paulo: Leya, 2012, p. 293.{{in lang|pt}}</ref> − − Deviating from the societal standards for sexual behavior, sexual orientation/identity, gender identity, and gender expression have a single umbrella term that is known as ''sexodiverso'' or ''sexodiversa'' in both Spanish and Portuguese, with its most approximate translation to English being "queer".{{citation needed|reason=I would translate sexodiverso more as 'gender nonconforming' in English.|date=January 2019}}[[File:Nongthoomfairtex.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Nong Tum]], a [[Kathoey]] internationally recognized for her portrayal in the film ''[[Beautiful Boxer]]'']] − − === Ancient cultures === − Among the ancient Middle Eastern [[Akkadian Empire|Akkadian]] people, a ''salzikrum'' was a person who appeared biologically female but had distinct male traits. ''Salzikrum'' is a compound word meaning ''male daughter.'' According to the [[Code of Hammurabi]], ''salzikrūm'' had inheritance rights like that of priestesses; they inherited from their fathers, unlike regular daughters. A ''salzikrum's'' father could also stipulate that she inherit a certain amount.<ref>Code of Hammurabi § 178 and following, and § 184 and following.</ref> In [[Ancient Rome]], the [[Galli|Gallae]] were [[castration|castrated]]<ref name="acybelealtarinlondon">{{cite journal|last=Tillyard|first=E. M. W.|year=1917|title=A Cybele Altar in London|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449651|journal=[[The Journal of Roman Studies]]|volume=7|pages=284–8|doi=10.2307/295591|issn=0075-4358|jstor=295591|access-date=2019-06-27|archive-date=2020-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406145940/https://zenodo.org/record/1449651|url-status=live}}</ref> followers of the [[Phrygia]]n goddess [[Cybele]] and can be regarded as transgender in today's terms.<ref name="galliancientromanpriests">Endres, N. [http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/galli.html Galli: Ancient Roman Priests] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070311020942/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/galli.html|date=2007-03-11}} from the GLBTQ: an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer culture.</ref><ref name="twentiethcenturytransgender">Brown, K. [http://www.jenellerose.com/htmlpostings/20th_century_transgender.htm 20th Century Transgender History And Experience] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211131614/http://www.jenellerose.com/htmlpostings/20th_century_transgender.htm|date=February 11, 2007}}</ref> − − In early [[Medina]], gender-variant<ref name="sunanabudawudbook41number4910">[http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/abudawud/041.sat.html#041.4910 Partial Translation of the Sunan Abu-Dawud, Book 41, Number 4910], USC-MSA Compendium of Muslim Texts, University of Southern California, translated by Prof. Ahmad Hasan. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070209011008/http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/abudawud/041.sat.html#041.4910|date=February 9, 2007}}</ref> male-to-female [[Islam]]ic people were acknowledged<ref name="theeffeminatesofearlymedina">{{cite journal|last=Rowson|first=Everett K.|year=1991|title=The Effeminates of Early Medina|journal=[[Journal of the American Oriental Society]]|volume=111|issue=4|pages=671–93|citeseerx=10.1.1.693.1504|doi=10.2307/603399|issn=0003-0279|jstor=603399|quote=... They played an important role in the development of Arabic music in Umayyad Mecca and, especially, Medina, where they were numbered among the most celebrated singers and instrumentalists ....}}</ref> in the form of the [[Mukhannathun]]. Also, in [[Fa'asamoa]] traditions, the Samoan culture allows a specific role for male to female transgender individuals as [[Fa'afafine]]. − − == Coming out == − {{Main|Coming out}} − {{See also|National Coming Out Day}} − − Transgender people vary greatly in choosing when, whether, and how to disclose their transgender status to family, close friends, and others. The prevalence of discrimination<ref>Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. {{cite web|title=Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community|url=http://glaadblog.org/2011/02/04/groundbreaking-report-reflects-persistent-discrimination-against-transgender-community/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803205502/http://glaadblog.org/2011/02/04/groundbreaking-report-reflects-persistent-discrimination-against-transgender-community/|archive-date=2011-08-03|access-date=2011-02-24}}, "[[GLAAD]]", USA, February 4, 2011. Retrieved 2011-02-24.</ref> and violence (transgender people are 28% more likely to be victims of violence)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bolles|first=Alexandra|date=June 4, 2012|title=Violence Against Transgender People and People of Color is Disproportionately High, LGBTQH Murder Rate Peaks|url=http://www.glaad.org/blog/violence-against-transgender-people-and-people-color-disproportionately-high-lgbtqh-murder-rate|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228050921/http://www.glaad.org/blog/violence-against-transgender-people-and-people-color-disproportionately-high-lgbtqh-murder-rate|archive-date=December 28, 2015|access-date=December 16, 2015|publisher=[[GLAAD]]}}</ref> against transgender persons can make coming out a risky decision. Fear of retaliatory behavior, such as being removed from the parental home while underage, is a cause for transgender people to not come out to their families until they have reached adulthood.<ref>Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. [http://glaadblog.org/2010/02/25/sassafras-lowreys-kicked-out-anthology-shares-stories-of-lgbtq-youth-homelessness/ "Sassafras Lowrey's Kicked Out Anthology Shares Stories of LGBTQ Youth Homelessness"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804080450/http://glaadblog.org/2010/02/25/sassafras-lowreys-kicked-out-anthology-shares-stories-of-lgbtq-youth-homelessness/|date=2011-08-04}}, "[[GLAAD]]", USA, February 25, 2010. Retrieved 2011-02-25.</ref> Parental confusion and lack of acceptance of a transgender child may result in parents treating a newly revealed gender identity as a "phase" or making efforts to change their children back to "normal" by utilizing mental health services to [[Conversion therapy|alter the child's gender identity]].<ref name="hrc-comingout">{{Cite web|title=Coming Out to Family as Transgender|url=http://www.hrc.org/issues/3455.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110103222434/http://www.hrc.org/issues/3455.htm|archive-date=3 January 2011|access-date=5 December 2010|publisher=[[Human Rights Campaign]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Campaign|first=Human Rights|title=Transgender Children & Youth: Understanding the Basics {{!}} Human Rights Campaign|url=http://www.hrc.org/resources/transgender-children-and-youth-understanding-the-basics|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910211556/http://www.hrc.org/resources/transgender-children-and-youth-understanding-the-basics|archive-date=2017-09-10|access-date=2017-08-23|website=Human Rights Campaign|language=en}}</ref> − − The internet can play a significant role in the coming out process for transgender people. Some come out in an [[online identity]] first, providing an opportunity to go through experiences virtually and safely before risking social sanctions in the real world.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Marciano|first=A.|year=2014|title=Living the VirtuReal: Negotiating transgender identity in cyberspace|journal=Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication|volume=19|issue=4|pages=824–838|doi=10.1111/jcc4.12081|doi-access=free}}</ref> − − == Media representation == − {{main|Media portrayals of transgender people}} − − [[File:Laverne Cox by Sachyn Mital.jpg|thumb|upright|right|Actress [[Laverne Cox]], who is trans, in July 2014]] − As more transgender people are represented and included within the realm of mass culture, the stigma that is associated with being transgender can influence the decisions, ideas, and thoughts based upon it. Media representation, [[culture industry]], and [[Social exclusion|social marginalization]] all hint at popular culture standards and the applicability and significance to mass culture as well. These terms play an important role in the formation of notions for those who have little recognition or knowledge of transgender people. Media depictions represent only a minuscule spectrum of the transgender group,<ref>{{Cite web|title=MTV to launch new channel for gay viewers in 2005 – May. 25, 2004|url=https://money.cnn.com/2004/05/25/news/fortune500/mtv_gay_network|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211113528/http://money.cnn.com/2004/05/25/news/fortune500/mtv_gay_network/|archive-date=2015-12-11|access-date=2015-12-08|work=CNN}}</ref> which essentially conveys that those that are shown are the only interpretations and ideas society has of them. − − However, in 2014, the United States reached a "transgender tipping point", according to [[Time (magazine)|''Time'']].<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Steinmetz|first1=K.|date=May 28, 2014|title=The transgender tipping point|url=http://time.com/135480/transgender-tipping-point/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813102939/http://time.com/135480/transgender-tipping-point/|archive-date=2017-08-13|access-date=August 13, 2017|magazine=Time}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Snow|first1=N.|date=May 8, 2015|title=Laverne Cox: 'Time' magazine's 'transgender tipping point' cover girl|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nicholas-snow/laverne-cox-time-magazine_b_7238884.html|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520220949/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/nicholas-snow/laverne-cox-time-magazine_b_7238884.html|archive-date=2017-05-20|access-date=August 13, 2017|website=Huffington Post}}</ref> At this time, the media visibility of transgender people reached a level higher than seen before. Since then, the number of transgender portrayals across TV platforms has stayed elevated.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Townsend|first1=M.|date=November 3, 2016|title=GLAAD's 'Where We Are on TV' report finds progress in LGBTQ representation on TV, but much work still to be done|url=https://www.glaad.org/blog/glaads-where-we-are-tv-report-finds-progress-lgbtq-representation-tv-much-work-still-be-done|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816152406/https://www.glaad.org/blog/glaads-where-we-are-tv-report-finds-progress-lgbtq-representation-tv-much-work-still-be-done|archive-date=2017-08-16|access-date=August 13, 2017|website=GLAAD}}</ref> Research has found that viewing multiple transgender TV characters and stories improves viewers' attitudes toward transgender people and related policies.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Gillig|first1=Traci K|last2=Rosenthal|first2=Erica L|last3=Murphy|first3=Sheila T|last4=Folb|first4=Kate Langrall|year=2017|title=More than a Media Moment: The Influence of Televised Storylines on Viewers' Attitudes toward Transgender People and Policies|journal=Sex Roles|volume=78|issue=7–8|pages=1–13|doi=10.1007/s11199-017-0816-1|s2cid=149238194}}</ref> − − == Events == − === International Transgender Day of Visibility === − {{Main|International Transgender Day of Visibility}} − International Transgender Day of Visibility is an annual holiday occurring on March 31<ref>{{cite web|title=Nenshi proclaims Trans Day of Visibility|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/story/2013/03/31/calgary-trans-day-awareness.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404005217/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/story/2013/03/31/calgary-trans-day-awareness.html|archive-date=April 4, 2013|access-date=April 4, 2013|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=31 March 2014|title=Model: Why I came out as transgender|url=http://www.kspr.com/news/nationworld/Model-Why-I-came-out-as-transgender/21051646_25244330|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403062937/http://www.kspr.com/news/nationworld/Model-Why-I-came-out-as-transgender/21051646_25244330|archive-date=3 April 2014|access-date=31 March 2014|publisher=KSPR News}}</ref> dedicated to celebrating transgender people and raising awareness of discrimination faced by transgender people worldwide. The holiday was founded by Michigan-based transgender activist<ref>{{cite news|date=27 March 2014|title=A time to celebrate|newspaper=The Hamilton Spectator|url=http://www.thespec.com/opinion-story/4432181-a-time-to-celebrate/|url-status=live|access-date=31 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403075929/http://www.thespec.com/opinion-story/4432181-a-time-to-celebrate|archive-date=3 April 2014}}</ref> Rachel Crandall in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|last=Carreras|first=Jessica|title=Transgender Day of Visibility plans erupt locally, nationwide|url=http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=34351|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327152446/http://www.pridesource.com/article.html?article=34351|archive-date=March 27, 2013|access-date=April 3, 2013|publisher=PrideSource}}</ref> − − === Transgender Awareness Week === − {{Main|Transgender Awareness Week}} − Transgender Awareness Week is a one-week celebration leading up to Transgender Day of Remembrance. The purpose of Transgender Awareness Week is to educate about transgender and gender non-conforming people and the issues associated with their transition or identity.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transgender Awareness Week|url=https://www.glaad.org/transweek|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403012821/https://www.glaad.org/transweek|archive-date=3 April 2019|access-date=3 April 2019|publisher=[[GLAAD]]}}</ref> − − === Transgender Day of Remembrance === − {{Main|Transgender Day of Remembrance}} − Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDOR) is held every year on November 20 in honor of Rita Hester, who was killed on November 28, 1998, in an anti-transgender [[hate crime]]. TDOR serves a number of purposes: − * it memorializes all of those who have been victims of hate crimes and prejudice, − * it raises awareness about hate crimes towards the transgender community, − * and it honors the dead and their relatives<ref>{{cite web|date=1998-11-28|title=About TDOR at Transgender Day of Remembrance|url=http://www.transgenderdor.org/?page_id=4|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723151936/http://www.transgenderdor.org/?page_id=4|archive-date=2011-07-23|access-date=2011-07-06|publisher=Transgenderdor.org}}</ref> − − [[File:Existrans 2017 (37146607344).jpg|thumb|Trans March "Existrans" 2017]] − − === Trans March === − {{Main|Trans March}} − Annual marches, protests or gatherings take place around the world for transgender issues, often taking place during the time of local [[Pride parade]]s for LGBT people. These events are frequently organised by trans communities to build community, address [[human rights defenders|human rights struggles]], and create visibility.<ref>{{cite web|date=Jun 21, 2006|title=Trans March on Friday|url=https://www.ebar.com/news///237069|access-date=10 July 2020|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710225850/https://www.ebar.com/news///237069|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-19|title=Transgender and Intersex Community Marks 20 Years of Marching in Paris (Video)|url=http://www.advocate.com/world/2016/10/19/transgender-and-intersex-community-marks-20-years-marching-paris-video|access-date=10 June 2020|website=www.advocate.com|language=en|archive-date=2020-08-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808212604/https://www.advocate.com/world/2016/10/19/transgender-and-intersex-community-marks-20-years-marching-paris-video|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Paul|first1=Gallant|date=June 18, 2009|title=Trans march 'overdue'|newspaper=Toronto Star|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/06/18/trans_march_overdue.html|access-date=11 June 2020|archive-date=10 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710225849/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/06/18/trans_march_overdue.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=14 September 2019|title=London's first Trans Pride support 'overwhelming'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-49700743|access-date=11 June 2020|website=bbc.com|archive-date=9 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220309201633/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-49700743|url-status=live}}</ref> − − == Pride symbols == − {{Main||LGBT symbols#Transgender}} − {{See also|Transgender flags|Gendered associations of pink and blue}}A common symbol for the transgender community is the [[Transgender flags#Transgender Pride Flag (Monica Helms)|Transgender Pride Flag]], which was designed by the American transgender woman Monica Helms in 1999, and was first shown at a pride parade in [[Phoenix, Arizona]], in 2000. The flag consists of five horizontal stripes: light blue, pink, white, pink, and light blue. Helms describes the meaning of the flag as follows: − − {{blockquote|The light blue is the traditional color for baby boys, pink is for girls, and the white in the middle is for "those who are transitioning, those who feel they have a neutral gender or no gender", and those who are [[Intersexuality|intersex]]. The pattern is such that "no matter which way you fly it, it will always be correct. This symbolizes us trying to find correctness in our own lives."<ref>{{cite news |last=Ford |first=Zack |date=August 27, 2014 |title=Transgender Pride Flag Designer Applauds Smithsonian LGBT Artifacts Collection |url=http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2014/08/27/3476435/transgender-pride-flag/ |newspaper=ThinkProgress |location=United States of America |access-date=December 4, 2015 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032253/http://thinkprogress.org/lgbt/2014/08/27/3476435/transgender-pride-flag/ |archive-date=November 17, 2015 }}</ref>}} − − Other transgender symbols include the [[Butterfly#In culture|butterfly]] (symbolizing transformation or [[metamorphosis]]),<ref>{{cite document|date=24 September 2014|title=I'm Scared to Be a Woman|url=https://www.hrw.org/report/2014/09/24/im-scared-be-woman/human-rights-abuses-against-transgender-people-malaysia|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906002753/http://www.hrw.org/report/2014/09/24/im-scared-be-woman/human-rights-abuses-against-transgender-people-malaysia|archive-date=6 September 2015|access-date=8 September 2015|publisher=Human Rights Watch|quote=a 22-year-old transgender woman sports a tattoo of a butterfly – a transgender symbol signifying transformation}}</ref> and a pink/light blue [[yin and yang]] symbol.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Mental health and mental disorders : an encyclopedia of conditions, treatments, and well-being|others=Sperry, Len|year=2016|isbn=978-1-4408-0382-6|location=Santa Barbara, California|pages=1150|oclc=915943054}}</ref> Several [[gender symbol]]s have been used to represent transgender people, including [[⚥]] and [[⚧]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Symbols|url=http://www.glbtq.com/slideshows/symbols,7.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804080055/http://www.glbtq.com/slideshows/symbols,7.html|archive-date=August 4, 2008|publisher=[[glbtq.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Petronzio|first=Matt|date=June 13, 2014|title=A Storied Glossary of Iconic LGBT Flags and Symbols|url=https://mashable.com/2014/06/13/lgbt-pride-symbols/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403014428/https://mashable.com/2014/06/13/lgbt-pride-symbols/|archive-date=April 3, 2019|access-date=April 3, 2019|work=[[Mashable]]}}</ref> − − == See also == − {{Portal|Transgender|LGBT − }} − * [[List of transgender and transsexual fictional characters]] − * [[List of transgender people]] − * [[List of transgender publications]] − * [[List of transgender-related topics]] − * [[List of transgender-rights organizations]] − * [[List of people killed for being transgender]] − * [[Transgender history]] − * [[Transgender pornography]] − − == Notes == − {{reflist|group=note}} − − − + − + − * {{cite news|last=Sellers|first=Mitchell D.|year=2011|title=Discrimination and the Transgender Population: A Description of Local Government Policies that Protect Gender Identity or Expression|series=Applied Research Projects|publisher=[[Texas State University-San Marcos]]|url=http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/360|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311062923/http://ecommons.txstate.edu/arp/360/|archive-date=2012-03-11}}+ − − − == External links == − * {{Wiktionary-inline}} − * {{Commons category-inline}} − * {{Wikiquote-inline}} − * {{curlie|/Society/Transgendered|Transgendered (sic)}} − − {{Transgender topics}} − {{Sexual identities}} − {{LGBT|main=expanded}} − − {{Authority control}} − + +
Reverted edits by LibsGetMad (talk) to last revision by Aschlafly
'''Transgender''' has two common definitions; both of them are forms of [[gender confusion]]:
'''Transgender''' people have a [[gender identity]] or [[gender expression]] that differs from the [[sex]] that they were [[sex assigned at birth|assigned at birth]].<ref name="Altilio">{{cite book|last1=Altilio|first1=Terry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XS3XJL_RGIgC&pg=PA380|title=Oxford Textbook of Palliative Social Work|last2=Otis-Green|first2=Shirley|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0199838271|page=380|quote='Transgender' is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from the sex they were assigned at birth (Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation [GLAAD], 2007).|access-date=April 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201182734/https://books.google.com/books?id=XS3XJL_RGIgC&pg=PA380|archive-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Forsyth">{{cite book|last1=Forsyth|first1=Craig J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NAjmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA740|title=Encyclopedia of Social Deviance|last2=Copes|first2=Heith|publisher=[[Sage Publications]]|year=2014|isbn=978-1483364698|page=740|quote=Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth.|access-date=April 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201105833/https://books.google.com/books?id=NAjmBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA740|archive-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Berg-Weger">{{cite book|last=Berg-Weger|first=Marla|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx7NCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA229|title=Social Work and Social Welfare: An Invitation|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2016|isbn=978-1317592020|page=229|quote=Transgender: An umbrella term that describes people whose gender identity or gender expression differs from expectations associated with the sex assigned to them at birth.|access-date=April 12, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201170448/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fx7NCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA229|archive-date=December 1, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Some transgender people who desire medical assistance to [[Transitioning (transgender)|transition]] from one sex to another identify as [[transsexual]].<ref name="Bevan">{{cite book |first=Thomas E. |last=Bevan |title=The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism |date=2014 |isbn=978-1-4408-3127-0 |page=42 |quote=The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) [...]. The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince.}}</ref><ref name="Polly">R Polly, J Nicole, ''Understanding the transsexual patient: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice'', in the ''[[Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal]]'' (2011): "The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self-identify varies. As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas. There are some transsexual individuals [,] however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Following medical and/or surgical transition, they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history."</ref> ''Transgender'', often shortened as ''trans'', is also an [[umbrella term]]; in addition to including people whose gender identity is the opposite of their assigned sex ([[trans men]] and [[trans women]]), it may also include people who are [[non-binary gender|non-binary or genderqueer]].<ref name="Forsyth" />{{r|GLAAD Media Reference}}<ref name="Bilodeau">{{cite journal|last1=Bilodeau|first1=Brent|date=2005|title=Beyond the Gender Binary: A Case Study of Two Transgender Students at a Midwestern Research University|journal=Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education|volume=3|issue=1|pages=29–44|doi=10.1300/J367v03n01_05|s2cid=144070536}} "Yet Jordan and Nick represent a segment of transgender communities that have largely been overlooked in transgender and student development research – individuals who express a non-binary construction of gender[.]"</ref> Other definitions of ''transgender'' also include people who belong to a [[third gender]], or else conceptualize transgender people as a third gender.<ref name="Towle">{{cite book |editor1-first=Susan |editor1-last=Stryker |editor1-link=Susan Stryker |editor2-first=Stephen |editor2-last=Whittle |editor2-link=Stephen Whittle |title=The Transgender Studies Reader |isbn=1-135-39884-4 |page=666 |quote=The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term 'third gender' is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term 'transgender.' |publisher=Routledge |date=2006}}</ref><ref name="Chrisler">{{cite book |first1=Joan C. |last1=Chrisler |first2=Donald R. |last2=McCreary |title=Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, Volume 1 |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-4419-1465-1 |page=486 |quote=Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity [...] For example, some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender, thereby treating this phenomenon as normative.}}</ref> The term ''transgender'' may be defined very broadly to include [[Cross-dressing|cross-dressers]].<ref name="ReisnerEtAl">{{cite journal|last1=Reisner|first1=Sari L|last2=Conron|first2=Kerith|last3=Scout|first3=Nfn|last4=Mimiaga|first4=Matthew J|last5=Haneuse|first5=Sebastien|last6=Austin|first6=S Bryn|year=2014|title=Comparing In-Person and Online Survey Respondents in the U.S. National Transgender Discrimination Survey: Implications for Transgender Health Research|journal=LGBT Health|volume=1|issue=2|pages=98–106|doi=10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018|pmid=26789619|quote=Transgender was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially, medically, or legally fully transition, including cross-dressers, people who consider themselves to be genderqueer, androgynous, and…}}</ref>
# Similar to [[transsexual]], but without having had a sex-change operation.
# As a synonym for transsexual.
61–98% of young people outgrow their [[gender confusion]] if allowed to progress naturally.<ref>Ristori J, Steensma TD. Gender dysphoria in childhood. Int Rev Psychiatry. 2016;28(1):13-20.</ref>
The term "transgender" is not to be confused with a whole host of "gender identities" (which [[the left]] see as separate from biological [[sex]]) under the umbrella of '''genderqueer''', which includes, besides transgender:
*Bigender (both man and woman)
*Agender (neither man nor woman)
*Genderfluid (alternating between genders)
*Third gender (found in, among other places, [[India]]n culture, some [[Native American]] cultures, and also invented by modern-day people)
Reputable scientific & social organizations which affirm the validity of transgender people include the American Psychological Association, the American Medical Association and the American Psychoanalytic Association. This shows leftist bias in these organizations. According to a [[scientific]] study by [[Dr. Anthony Fauci]]'s [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH), transgenders are 49 times more likely to contract [[HIV]] (or [[AIDS]]) than non-transgenders.<ref>https://reporter.nih.gov/search/03JCZddjXkWD73Qoc9P0JA/project-details/10307630</ref>
Transgenders often adopt the opposite sex's [[gender]] role through cosmetics, grooming, mannerisms, [[cross-dressing|clothing]] and a name change.
==Links to homosexuality==
The link between seeking a sex change and [[sexual orientation]] is hotly disputed in the political arena of Western countries, where sex changes have had the most attention and debate. Some transgendered individuals consider themselves homosexual and some are heterosexual.
==Transgender rights==
[[File:Progressive caucus.png|right|175px]]
In [[California]], the Transgender Respect, Agency, and Dignity Act mandates that males who identify as transgender, nonbinary, or intersex be housed with women. California is home to the largest women's prison system in the world. A [[feminist]] group, the Women's Liberation Front filed suit claim the California law can be considered cruel and unusual punishment, which is banned by the [[Eighth Amendment]], and is also a violation of their [[14th Amendment]] [[equal protection]] clause. The women in California prisons face “substantially increased risk of sexual harassment, sexual assault, rape, and physical violence,” as well as sexually transmitted diseases ([[STD]]s) and fear of attacks. The suit said women’s right to privacy is violated by having men around.
''{{visanc|Transfeminine|Transmasculine}}'' is a term for any person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation; ''transmasculine'' is the equivalent term for someone who was assigned female at birth and has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.<ref>{{cite book |first=Ashley |last=Mardell |title=The ABC's of LGBT+ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R0UzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT96 |date=2016 |publisher=Mango Media Inc. |location=Coral Gables, Florida |isbn=978-1-63353-408-7 |pages=96 |access-date=14 December 2019 |archive-date=1 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801222143/https://books.google.com/books?id=R0UzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT96 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The lawsuit alleges that the “vast majority of women in prison have histories of sexual and/or domestic violence, committed against them by men.” WLF executive director Mahri Irvine said, according to ''Just the News''. “Allowing men to be housed with women, such that female inmates are forced to live in close quarters with male inmates, including when engaged in daily activities that necessitate exposing one’s body to other inmates (such as when using a toilet, shower, or changing clothes), constitutes an egregious breach of the social norms that uphold women’s right to bodily privacy from men’s view, scrutiny, commentary, or presence,” the lawsuit said. “Some incarcerated women sharing a cell with a man, along with other women, now make sleep schedules among the women so that a woman is on watch to try to prevent rape by the male cellmate,” the lawsuit said.
According to the suit, when plaintiff Nadia Romero filed a complaint about being “grabbed by a man in her unit,” and plaintiff Krystal Gonzalez requested single-sex housing after a sexual assault, the gender of the attackers was listed as female, even though both were biological males. Doing so changes “the complaining inmate’s own words, perception, and substance of requested corrective action,” the lawsuit said.
“This anti-woman law was overwhelmingly accepted by the California State Assembly members, embraced by our representatives and lauded by our senators,” Ichikawa said. “Sadly, this even includes the California Women’s Caucus. We do not understand how so many people, especially women, had the audacity to turn a blind eye to this abuse.” Ichikawa said, "being degraded and humiliated is now part of the daily routine.”<ref>https://www.westernjournal.com/california-prisoners-file-suit-allege-state-censoring-vile-reports-trans-inmates/?utm_source=email&utm_medium=AE&utm_campaign=can&utm_content=2021-11-21</ref>
==See also==
* [[Transgender activism]]
==References==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
== Further reading ==
==External links==
* {{cite book|chapter=Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender/Transsexual Individuals|title=Social Injustice and Public Health|editor-link1=Barry S. Levy|editor-link2=Victor W. Sidel|editor-last1=Levy|editor-first1=Barry|editor-last2=Sidel|editor-first2=Victor|first1=Talia Mae|last1=Bettcher|first2=Emilia|last2=Lombardi|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005}}
*Richardson, Bradford (February 28, 2018). [https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/feb/22/transgender-movement-rejected-growing-body-researc/ Growing body of research rejects transgender movement]. ''The Washington Times''.
*Shupe, Jamie (March 10, 2019). [https://www.dailysignal.com/2019/03/10/i-was-americas-first-non-binary-person-it-was-all-a-sham/ I Was America’s First ‘Nonbinary’ Person. It Was All a Sham.] ''The Daily Signal''. Retrieved April 15, 2019.
* {{cite journal|last1=Thanem|first1=Torkild|last2=Wallenberg|first2=Louise|year=2016|title=Just doing gender? Transvestism and the power of underdoing gender in everyday life and work|doi=10.1177/1350508414547559|journal=Organization|volume=23|issue=2|pages=250–271|s2cid=144150015|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-101903}}
[[Category:Transgender| ]]
[[Category:Sexuality]]
[[Category:Disorders]]