Block, SkipCaptcha, Upload, Automoderated users, edit, move, protect, rollback
9,147
edits
Changes
Improved the introduction for the Progressive Era page. Progressivism is America's Cancer, and big government as we know it began in this 20 year period.
The '''Progressive Era''' or '''Progressive Movement''', from the 1890s to the 1920s, was a major era in American history. It is most famous for political reforms, as proposed by Republicans [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Charles Evans Hughes]] and [[Herbert Hoover]], and Democrat [[Woodrow Wilson]]. The progressive era emphasized efficiency and an end to political corruption, and appealed to well-educated middle class Americans.
The '''Progressive Era''' from the tail-end of the 1890s to the 1920s, was a major era in American history. It is most famous for the beginnings of modern political reforms of the first major era of big government, as proposed by Republicans [[Theodore Roosevelt]], [[Charles Evans Hughes]] and [[Herbert Hoover]], and Democrat [[Woodrow Wilson]]. The progressive era outwardly emphasized efficiency and an end to political corruption as appeals to well-educated middle class Americans, but was only cover for the centralization of power within the halls of government. That centralization led to the birth of the modern [[Administrative State]].
The progressives strongly supported education, science, and medicine, and saw ignorance as the main problem to overcome. They wanted to purify society, and most supported prohibition and woman suffrage. [[Jane Addams]] was the most prominent leader outside government.
The progressives strongly supported education, science, and medicine, and saw ignorance as the main problem to overcome. They wanted to purify society, and most supported prohibition and woman suffrage. [[Jane Addams]] was the most prominent leader outside government.
[[Progressive Ideology]] also influenced American business, with entrepreneurs like [[Henry Ford]], [[Andrew Carnegie]], [[John D. Rockefeller]] and [[J. P. Morgan]], who promoted efficiency. they also gave strong support to philanthropy and to religion, especially worldwide Christian missions.
[[Progressive Ideology]] also influenced American business, with entrepreneurs like [[Henry Ford]], [[Andrew Carnegie]], [[John D. Rockefeller]] and [[J. P. Morgan]], who promoted efficiency. They also gave strong support to philanthropy and to religion, generally worldwide Christian missions but with a particular focus on emphasizing the [[Social Gospel]] and left-wing [[Social Justice]] initiatives.
[[Booker T. Washington]] was the leading progressive voice in the African American community.
[[Booker T. Washington]] was the leading progressive voice in the African American community.
In 1912 Roosevelt created a new party, the "Progressive Party" to run for president, but he lost and the party faded away. The 1912 party is only a small part of the entire Progressive movement.
In 1912 Roosevelt created a new party, the "Progressive Party" to run for president, but he lost and the party faded away. The 1912 party is only a small part of the entire Progressive movement.
The Progressive Era lasted from the 1890s to the 1930s, and influenced all sectors of American society. From the perspective of conservatives in the 21st century, many aspects of the drive for efficiency and against corruption win wide approval. Liberals are split in their evaluation, with many approving the growth of federal power and others opposed to the middle class moralism of the progressives.
The Progressive Era lasted about two decades, from the very end of the 1890s to the 1920s, and influenced all sectors of American society. From the perspective of conservatives in the 21st century, many aspects of the drive for efficiency and against corruption win wide approval. Liberals are split in their evaluation, with many approving the growth of federal power and others opposed to the middle class moralism of the progressives.
==Reform ideas==
==Reform ideas==
==Progressive Politics==
==Progressive Politics==
Almost all major politicians declared their adherence to some progressive measures. In politics the most prominent national figures were Republicans [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Robert LaFollette]] and Democrats [[William Jennings Bryan]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]]. On the far left, the [[IWW]] ("Wobblies") opposed Progressivism because they wanted to destroy capitalism and progressivism wanted to strengthen it. The main labor unions, led by [[Samuel Gompers]] of the [[AFL]], were active supporters of the progressive Movement, as were most businessmen.
Almost all major politicians declared their adherence to some progressive measures. In politics the most prominent national figures were Republicans [[Theodore Roosevelt]] and [[Robert LaFollette]] and Democrats [[William Jennings Bryan]] and [[Woodrow Wilson]]. On the [[far left]], the [[IWW]] ("Wobblies") opposed Progressivism because they wanted to destroy capitalism and progressivism wanted to strengthen it. The main labor unions, led by [[Samuel Gompers]] of the [[AFL]], were active supporters of the progressive Movement, as were most businessmen.
As a general rule, socialists in America met with very little success during this era if not no success at all. Administrative agencies and expertise, driven by progressive politicians, won out compared with domestic battles of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie. For example, Upton Sinclair wrote his book "''[[The Jungle]]''" hoping to create an uprising but was left dumbfounded when the only thing that resulted from his effort was a much-hailed progressive agency. Additionally, socialists did not successfully nationalize any industry into the hands of government while much of government oversight was increased according to progressive doctrine.
===Muckraking===
===Muckraking===
While there is not full agreement as to when the Progressive Era began, the end of the Progressive Era is always noted in the same year: 1920. As progressive author and founder of [[The New Republic]] [[Herbert Croly]] noted at the time, the "eclipse" of "progressivism as an effective force in American politics" was the "chief distinguishing aspect" of the 1920 election.<ref>[https://newrepublic.com/article/78969/the-eclipse-progressivism The Eclipse of Progressivism]</ref>
While there is not full agreement as to when the Progressive Era began, the end of the Progressive Era is always noted in the same year: 1920. As progressive author and founder of [[The New Republic]] [[Herbert Croly]] noted at the time, the "eclipse" of "progressivism as an effective force in American politics" was the "chief distinguishing aspect" of the 1920 election.<ref>[https://newrepublic.com/article/78969/the-eclipse-progressivism The Eclipse of Progressivism]</ref>
But while the era ended with the election in 1920, progressivism would make a roaring comeback in the 1930's under the name of "liberalism", having had its [[Progressivism#Name_Change|label changed]] by [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]].
But while the era ended with the election in 1920, progressivism would make a roaring comeback in the 1930s under the name of "liberalism", having had its [[Progressivism#Name_Change|label changed]] by [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]].
==Notable Progressive political leaders==
==Notable Progressive political leaders==
* [[Social Gospel]]
* [[Social Gospel]]
* [[Progressive Party]], 1912
* [[Progressive Party]], 1912
* [[Roaring Twenties]]
* [[Birth control and racism]]
*[[Secular Europe and eugenics]]
==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* Buenker, John D. and Joseph Buenker, Eds. ''Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.'' (2005) 1290 pp. in three volumes. . 900 articles by 200 scholars
* Buenker, John D. and Joseph Buenker, Eds. ''Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era.'' (2005) 1290 pp. in three volumes. . 900 articles by 200 scholars
* Buenker, John D. ed. ''Dictionary of the Progressive Era'' (1980), short articles by scholars
* Buenker, John D. ed. ''Dictionary of the Progressive Era'' (1980), short articles by scholars
* Chambers, John Whiteclay, II. ''The Tyranny of Change: America in the Progressive Era, 1890-1920'' (2000), textbook [http://www.amazon.com/Tyranny-Change-America-Progressive-1890-1920/dp/0813527996/ref=sr_1_26?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878274&sr=8-26 excerpt and text search]
* Chambers, John Whiteclay, II. ''The Tyranny of Change: America in the Progressive Era, 1890-1920'' (2000), textbook [https://www.amazon.com/Tyranny-Change-America-Progressive-1890-1920/dp/0813527996/ref=sr_1_26?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878274&sr=8-26 excerpt and text search]
* Crunden, Robert M. ''Ministers of Reform: The Progressives' Achievement in American Civilization, 1889-1920'' (1982) [http://www.amazon.com/Ministers-Reform-Progressives-Achievement-Civilization/dp/0252011678/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634251&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Crunden, Robert M. ''Ministers of Reform: The Progressives' Achievement in American Civilization, 1889-1920'' (1982) [https://www.amazon.com/Ministers-Reform-Progressives-Achievement-Civilization/dp/0252011678/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634251&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Diner, Steven J. ''A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era'' (1998) [http://www.amazon.com/Very-Different-Age-Americans-Progressive/dp/0809025531/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634565&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Diner, Steven J. ''A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era'' (1998) [https://www.amazon.com/Very-Different-Age-Americans-Progressive/dp/0809025531/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634565&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Flanagan, Maureen. ''America Reformed: Progressives and Progressivisms, 1890s-1920s'' (2007).
* Flanagan, Maureen. ''America Reformed: Progressives and Progressivisms, 1890s-1920s'' (2007).
* Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. ''Who Were the Progressives?'' (2002)
* Gilmore, Glenda Elizabeth. ''Who Were the Progressives?'' (2002)
* Gould Lewis L. ''America in the Progressive Era, 1890-1914" (2000) [http://www.amazon.com/America-Progressive-Era-1890-Seminar/dp/0582356717/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634595&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Gould Lewis L. ''America in the Progressive Era, 1890-1914" (2000) [https://www.amazon.com/America-Progressive-Era-1890-Seminar/dp/0582356717/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634595&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Gould Lewis L. ed., ''The Progressive Era'' (1974), essays by scholars
* Gould Lewis L. ed., ''The Progressive Era'' (1974), essays by scholars
* Hays, Samuel P. ''The Response to Industrialism, 1885-1914'' (1957), old but influential short survey
* Hays, Samuel P. ''The Response to Industrialism, 1885-1914'' (1957), old but influential short survey
* Link, Arthur S. ''Wilson: The Road to the White House'' (1947), first volume of standard biography (to 1917); ''Wilson: The New Freedom'' (1956); ''Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality: 1914-1915'' (1960); ''Wilson: Confusions and Crises: 1915-1916'' (1964); ''Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace: 1916-1917'' (1965), the last volume of standard biography. [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;idno=heb01547 all 5 volumes are online free (if you have a account) at ACLS e-books]
* Link, Arthur S. ''Wilson: The Road to the White House'' (1947), first volume of standard biography (to 1917); ''Wilson: The New Freedom'' (1956); ''Wilson: The Struggle for Neutrality: 1914-1915'' (1960); ''Wilson: Confusions and Crises: 1915-1916'' (1964); ''Wilson: Campaigns for Progressivism and Peace: 1916-1917'' (1965), the last volume of standard biography. [http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;idno=heb01547 all 5 volumes are online free (if you have a account) at ACLS e-books]
* Mann, Arthur. ed., ''The Progressive Era'' (1975), readings from scholars
* Mann, Arthur. ed., ''The Progressive Era'' (1975), readings from scholars
* Lasch, Christopher. ''The True and Only Heaven: Progress and its Critics'' (1991) [http://www.amazon.com/True-Only-Heaven-Progress-Critics/dp/0393307956/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634634&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Lasch, Christopher. ''The True and Only Heaven: Progress and its Critics'' (1991) [https://www.amazon.com/True-Only-Heaven-Progress-Critics/dp/0393307956/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634634&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* McGerr, Michael. ''A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870-1920'' (2003)
* McGerr, Michael. ''A Fierce Discontent: The Rise and Fall of the Progressive Movement in America, 1870-1920'' (2003)
*Mowry, George. ''The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900-1912.'' (1954) general survey of era
*Mowry, George. ''The Era of Theodore Roosevelt and the Birth of Modern America, 1900-1912.'' (1954) general survey of era
* Noggle, Burl. "The Twenties: A New Historiographical Frontier," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 53, No. 2. (Sep., 1966), pp. 299-314. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196609%2953%3A2%3C299%3ATTANHF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y in JSTOR]
* [[Burl Noggle|Noggle, Burl]]. "The Twenties: A New Historiographical Frontier," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 53, No. 2. (Sep., 1966), pp. 299-314. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196609%2953%3A2%3C299%3ATTANHF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y in JSTOR]
* Perry, Elisabeth Israels and Karen Manners Smith, eds. ''The Gilded Age & Progressive Era: A Student Companion'' (2006)
* Perry, Elisabeth Israels and Karen Manners Smith, eds. ''The Gilded Age & Progressive Era: A Student Companion'' (2006)
* Piott, Steven. ''American Reformers 1870-1920'' (2006). 240 pp. biographies of 12 leaders [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=24927 online review]
* Piott, Steven. ''American Reformers 1870-1920'' (2006). 240 pp. biographies of 12 leaders [http://www.h-net.msu.edu/reviews/showrev.php?id=24927 online review]
*Blum, John Morton ''The Republican Roosevelt.'' (1954). Series of essays that examine how TR did politics
*Blum, John Morton ''The Republican Roosevelt.'' (1954). Series of essays that examine how TR did politics
*Brands, H.W. ''Theodore Roosevelt'' (2001), biography [http://www.questia.com/library/book/t-r-the-last-romantic-by-h-w-brands.jsp online edition]
*Brands, H.W. ''Theodore Roosevelt'' (2001), biography [http://www.questia.com/library/book/t-r-the-last-romantic-by-h-w-brands.jsp online edition]
* Clements, Kendrick A. ''The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson'' (1992) [http://www.amazon.com/Presidency-Woodrow-Wilson-Kendrick-Clements/dp/070060524X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634763&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Clements, Kendrick A. ''The Presidency of Woodrow Wilson'' (1992) [https://www.amazon.com/Presidency-Woodrow-Wilson-Kendrick-Clements/dp/070060524X/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634763&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Coletta, Paolo. ''The Presidency of William Howard Taft'' (1990) [http://www.amazon.com/Presidency-William-Howard-Taft-American/dp/0700600965/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634782&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Coletta, Paolo. ''The Presidency of William Howard Taft'' (1990) [https://www.amazon.com/Presidency-William-Howard-Taft-American/dp/0700600965/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634782&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Cooper, John Milton ''The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.'' (1983), influential dual biography [http://www.amazon.com/Warrior-Priest-Woodrow-Theodore-Roosevelt/dp/0674947517/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634808&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Cooper, John Milton ''The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt.'' (1983), influential dual biography [https://www.amazon.com/Warrior-Priest-Woodrow-Theodore-Roosevelt/dp/0674947517/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634808&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Gould, Lewis L. ''The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt'' (1991) [http://www.amazon.com/Presidency-Theodore-Roosevelt-American/dp/0700605657/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634966&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Gould, Lewis L. ''The Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt'' (1991) [https://www.amazon.com/Presidency-Theodore-Roosevelt-American/dp/0700605657/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634966&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Harbaugh, William Henry. ''The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt.'' (1963); also titled "Power and Responsibility''; very good political biography [http://www.amazon.com/Power-Responsibility-William-Henry-Harbaugh/dp/0945707134/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635034&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Harbaugh, William Henry. ''The Life and Times of Theodore Roosevelt.'' (1963); also titled "Power and Responsibility''; very good political biography [https://www.amazon.com/Power-Responsibility-William-Henry-Harbaugh/dp/0945707134/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635034&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Harrison, Robert. ''Congress, Progressive Reform, and the New American State'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Congress-Progressive-Reform-American-State/dp/0521827892/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635083&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Harrison, Robert. ''Congress, Progressive Reform, and the New American State'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Congress-Progressive-Reform-American-State/dp/0521827892/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635083&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Hofstadter, Richard. ''The American Political Tradition'' (1948), ch. 8-9-10 on Bryan, Roosevelt and Wilson. [http://www.amazon.com/American-Political-Tradition-Men-Made/dp/0679723153/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1228139165&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Hofstadter, Richard. ''The American Political Tradition'' (1948), ch. 8-9-10 on Bryan, Roosevelt and Wilson. [https://www.amazon.com/American-Political-Tradition-Men-Made/dp/0679723153/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1228139165&sr=8-2 excerpt and text search]
* Link, Arthur Stanley. ''Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917'' (1972), standard history
* Link, Arthur Stanley. ''Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era, 1910-1917'' (1972), standard history
* Morris, Edmund ''Theodore Rex''. (2001), very well written biography of Theodore Roosevelt covers 1901-1909 [http://www.amazon.com/Theodore-Rex-Modern-Library-Paperbacks/dp/0812966007/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634966&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Morris, Edmund ''Theodore Rex''. (2001), very well written biography of Theodore Roosevelt covers 1901-1909 [https://www.amazon.com/Theodore-Rex-Modern-Library-Paperbacks/dp/0812966007/ref=sr_1_4?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196634966&sr=8-4 excerpt and text search]
* Mowry, George E. ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement''. (2001) standard history of 1912 movement
* Mowry, George E. ''Theodore Roosevelt and the Progressive Movement''. (2001) standard history of 1912 movement
* Sanders, Elizabeth. ''Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers and the American State, 1877-1917'' (1999) [http://www.amazon.com/Roots-Reform-American-1877-1917-Political/dp/0226734773/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635183&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Sanders, Elizabeth. ''Roots of Reform: Farmers, Workers and the American State, 1877-1917'' (1999) [https://www.amazon.com/Roots-Reform-American-1877-1917-Political/dp/0226734773/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635183&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Wilson, Joan Hoff. ''Herbert Hoover, Forgotten Progressive'' (1965), favorable to Hoover
* Wilson, Joan Hoff. ''Herbert Hoover, Forgotten Progressive'' (1965), favorable to Hoover
* Campbell, Ballard. "Economic Causes of Progressivism." ''Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era'' 2005 4(1): 7-22
* Campbell, Ballard. "Economic Causes of Progressivism." ''Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era'' 2005 4(1): 7-22
* Glad, Paul W. "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 53, No. 1. (Jun., 1966), pp. 75-89. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196606%2953%3A1%3C75%3APATBCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]
* Glad, Paul W. "Progressives and the Business Culture of the 1920s," ''The Journal of American History,'' Vol. 53, No. 1. (Jun., 1966), pp. 75-89. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0021-8723%28196606%2953%3A1%3C75%3APATBCO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R in JSTOR]
* Kolko, Gabriel. "The Triumph of Conservatism" (1963), New left attack on Progressive reforms as dictated by big business
* [[Gabriel Kolko|Kolko, Gabriel]]. "The Triumph of Conservatism" (1963), New left attack on Progressive reforms as dictated by big business
* Kyle, Bruce and Chris Nyland; "Scientific Management, Institutionalism, and Business Stabilization: 1903-1923" ''Journal of Economic Issues'', Vol. 35, 2001
* Kyle, Bruce and Chris Nyland; "Scientific Management, Institutionalism, and Business Stabilization: 1903-1923" ''Journal of Economic Issues'', Vol. 35, 2001
* Mink, Gwendolyn. ''Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875–1920'' (1986); unions tried to restrict immigration because it lowered wage levels
* Mink, Gwendolyn. ''Old Labor and New Immigrants in American Political Development: Union, Party, and State, 1875–1920'' (1986); unions tried to restrict immigration because it lowered wage levels
* Buenker, John D. ''The Progressive Era, 1893-1914'' (1998), in the stronghold of Wisconsin
* Buenker, John D. ''The Progressive Era, 1893-1914'' (1998), in the stronghold of Wisconsin
* Feffer, Andrew. ''The Chicago Pragmatists and American Progressivism'' (1993), ideas of [[John Dewey]] and other philosophers
* Feffer, Andrew. ''The Chicago Pragmatists and American Progressivism'' (1993), ideas of [[John Dewey]] and other philosophers
*Frankel, Noralee and Nancy S. Dye, eds. ''Gender, Class, Race, and Reform in the Progressive Era'' (1991). [http://www.amazon.com/Gender-Class-Race-Reform-Progressive/dp/0813108411/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635306&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
*Frankel, Noralee and Nancy S. Dye, eds. ''Gender, Class, Race, and Reform in the Progressive Era'' (1991). [https://www.amazon.com/Gender-Class-Race-Reform-Progressive/dp/0813108411/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635306&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]
* Harlan, Louis R. ''Booker T. Washington'' (2 vol 1973, 1986); Pulitzer prize [http://www.amazon.com/Booker-T-Washington-1901-1915-Paperbacks/dp/0195042298/ref=pd_sim_b_title_5 excerpt and text search]
* Harlan, Louis R. ''Booker T. Washington'' (2 vol 1973, 1986); Pulitzer prize [https://www.amazon.com/Booker-T-Washington-1901-1915-Paperbacks/dp/0195042298/ref=pd_sim_b_title_5 excerpt and text search]
* Huthmacher, J. Joseph "Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform" ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 49 (1962): 231-241, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-391X%28196209%2949%3A2%3C231%3AULATAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X in JSTOR]; emphasized urban, ethnic, working class support for reform
* Huthmacher, J. Joseph "Urban Liberalism and the Age of Reform" ''Mississippi Valley Historical Review'' 49 (1962): 231-241, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0161-391X%28196209%2949%3A2%3C231%3AULATAO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X in JSTOR]; emphasized urban, ethnic, working class support for reform
* Lewis, David L. ''W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race: 1868-1919'' (1993), 2 vol; Pulitzer Prize
* Lewis, David L. ''W.E.B. Du Bois: Biography of a Race: 1868-1919'' (1993), 2 vol; Pulitzer Prize
* Link, William A. ''The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880-1930'' (1997).
* Link, William A. ''The Paradox of Southern Progressivism, 1880-1930'' (1997).
* Lubove, Roy. ''The Progressives and the Slums: Tenement House Reform in New York City, 1890-1917'' Greenwood Press: 1974.
* Lubove, Roy. ''The Progressives and the Slums: Tenement House Reform in New York City, 1890-1917'' Greenwood Press: 1974.
* Nasaw, David. ''The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst'' (2001) [http://www.amazon.com/Chief-Life-William-Randolph-Hearst/dp/0618154469/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635206&sr=8-14 excerpt and text search]
* Nasaw, David. ''The Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst'' (2001) [https://www.amazon.com/Chief-Life-William-Randolph-Hearst/dp/0618154469/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1196635206&sr=8-14 excerpt and text search]
* Rodgers, Daniel T. ''Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age'' (2000). influential study that stresses links with Europe [http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;q1=roosevelt;rgn=full%20text;view=toc;idno=heb00064.0001.001 online in ACLS e-books]
* Rodgers, Daniel T. ''Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age'' (2000). influential study that stresses links with Europe [http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=acls;cc=acls;q1=roosevelt;rgn=full%20text;view=toc;idno=heb00064.0001.001 online in ACLS e-books]
* Starr, Kevin. ''Inventing the Dream: California through the Progressive Era'' (1986) [http://www.amazon.com/Inventing-Dream-California-through-Progressive/dp/0195042344/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878072&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Starr, Kevin. ''Inventing the Dream: California through the Progressive Era'' (1986) [https://www.amazon.com/Inventing-Dream-California-through-Progressive/dp/0195042344/ref=sr_1_5?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878072&sr=8-5 excerpt and text search]
* Thelen, David. ''The New Citizenship, Origins of Progressivism in Wisconsin, 1885-1900'' (1972).
* Thelen, David. ''The New Citizenship, Origins of Progressivism in Wisconsin, 1885-1900'' (1972).
* Wesser, Robert F. ''Charles Evans Hughes: politics and reform in New York, 1905-1910'' (1967).
* Wesser, Robert F. ''Charles Evans Hughes: politics and reform in New York, 1905-1910'' (1967).
===Primary sources===
===Primary sources===
* Burt, Elizabeth V., ed. ''The Progressive Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1890 to 1914'' (Debating Historical Issues in the Media of the Time) (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Progressive-Era-Documents-Debating-Historical/dp/0313320977/ref=sr_1_29?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878274&sr=8-29 excerpt and text search]
* Burt, Elizabeth V., ed. ''The Progressive Era: Primary Documents on Events from 1890 to 1914'' (Debating Historical Issues in the Media of the Time) (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Progressive-Era-Documents-Debating-Historical/dp/0313320977/ref=sr_1_29?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878274&sr=8-29 excerpt and text search]
* Croly, Herbert David. ''The Promise of American Life'' (1909), highly influential manifesto [http://books.google.com/books?id=hUF4B1IopmgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:croly+date:1900-1916&num=30&as_brr=1 full text online]
* Croly, Herbert David. ''The Promise of American Life'' (1909), highly influential manifesto [https://books.google.com/books?id=hUF4B1IopmgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=inauthor:croly+date:1900-1916&num=30&as_brr=1 full text online]
* Croly, Herbert David. ''Progressive Democracy'' (1914), theory [http://books.google.com/books?id=7QAAlVuOcOMC&pg=PA358&dq=intitle:progressive+date:1910-1916&num=30&as_brr=1#PPP15,M1 full text online]
* Croly, Herbert David. ''Progressive Democracy'' (1914), theory [https://books.google.com/books?id=7QAAlVuOcOMC&pg=PA358&dq=intitle:progressive+date:1910-1916&num=30&as_brr=1#PPP15,M1 full text online]
* Cronon, William and David Stradling, eds. ''Conservation in the Progressive Era: Classic Texts'' (2004) [http://www.amazon.com/Conservation-Progressive-Era-Weyerhaeuser-Environmental/dp/0295983752/ref=sr_1_17?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878274&sr=8-17 excerpt and text search]
* Cronon, William and David Stradling, eds. ''Conservation in the Progressive Era: Classic Texts'' (2004) [https://www.amazon.com/Conservation-Progressive-Era-Weyerhaeuser-Environmental/dp/0295983752/ref=sr_1_17?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1211878274&sr=8-17 excerpt and text search]
* De Witt, Benjamin P. ''The Progressive Movement'' (1915), a comprehensive contemporary history of the era [http://books.google.com/books?id=HP7FeEz_TBsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:progressive&num=30&as_brr=1 full text online]
* De Witt, Benjamin P. ''The Progressive Movement'' (1915), a comprehensive contemporary history of the era [https://books.google.com/books?id=HP7FeEz_TBsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=intitle:progressive&num=30&as_brr=1 full text online]
* Pease, Otis, ed. ''The Progressive Years: The Spirit and Achievement of American Reform'' (1962), primary documents
* Pease, Otis, ed. ''The Progressive Years: The Spirit and Achievement of American Reform'' (1962), primary documents