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'''Biological weapons''' are infectious or toxic agents used in warfare.  They are banned under the Biological Weapons Convention of 1975<ref>http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/%28httpPages%29/04FBBDD6315AC720C1257180004B1B2F?OpenDocument</ref> but some countries still have stocks of them.  Biological weapons have the potential of a deadly threat against [[civilian]] [[population]]s.

'''Biological weapons''' are infectious or toxic agents used in warfare.  In the [[Western world]], they are banned under the Biological Weapons Convention of 1975<ref>http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/%28httpPages%29/04FBBDD6315AC720C1257180004B1B2F?OpenDocument</ref> but some countries still have stocks of them.  Biological weapons have the potential of a deadly threat against [[civilian]] [[population]]s.

==History==

==United States==

After the Japanese occupied the city of Shenyang (formerly Mukden in the [[Manchu]] language) in an event known as the [[Mukden Incident]] on Sept. 18, 1931, extending Japanese control over large areas in northeastern China, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP) fought alongside Japanese invaders to defeat troops of the [[Republic of China]] (KMT).<ref>https://u.osu.edu/mclc/2016/07/02/truth-of-mao-zedongs-collusion-with-the-japanese-army-1/</ref>

[[Ukraine]] has no control over the military bio-laboratories on its own territory. According to the 2005 Agreement between the [[US Department of Defense]] and the Ministry of Health of Ukraine, the Ukrainian government is prohibited from public disclosure of sensitive information about the US program and Ukraine is obliged to transfer to the DoD dangerous [[pathogen]]s for biological research.<ref>https://2001-2009.state.gov/documents/organization/95251.pdf</ref>  The [[Pentagon]] has been granted access to certain state secrets<ref>Likely the identities of US contacts and counterparts in the Ukranian government with knowledge of the arrangements and authority to act in a given situation.</ref> of Ukraine in connection with the projects under their agreement.

 

Only three laboratories in Ukraine had the required safety criteria to undertake the type of research they were doing, according to the [[Russian]] military.  Captured Ukrainian government documents point to a series of problems at one of those sites in [[Odessa]].

 

Lieutenant General [[Igor Kirillov]], the head of the Radioactive, Chemical, and Biological Protection Forces, accused the [[Kyiv regime]] of carrying out “inhumane experiments” on Ukrainian patients and of launching a biological attack against the [[Lugansk Peoples Republic]] in early May 2022. Other evidence suggests that when Russia moved soldiers into Ukraine in February 2022, attempts were made to weaponize [[drone]]s to spread [[pathogen]]s and to destroy compromising materials.  In response to the revelations by the [[Russian Investigative Committee]], the Pentagon fessed up in June 2022 to funding 46 biological research facilities in Ukraine over the last 20 years.<ref>https://greatgameindia.com/pentagon-admits-biolabs-ukraine/</ref> Gen. Kirillov was assassinated in a [[terrorist]] attack in [[Moscow]] in December 2024.

 

Two years before the [[NATO war in Ukraine]] started, [[CGTN]] discussed US biolabs around the world.<ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-05-11/Biolabs-around-the-world-QpgMAnwV0I/index.html</ref><ref>https://newsaf.cgtn.com/news/2020-05-16/Time-to-reveal-what-s-going-on-in-U-S-biolabs-QwpxrRTI7C/index.html</ref><ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-05-21/U-S-deployed-over-200-military-biological-laboratories-worldwide-QFtLkqhuVy/index.html</ref><ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-04-30/The-U-S-needs-to-open-up-about-its-biological-labs-in-the-former-USSR-Q6ud6hO84E/index.html</ref><ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-05-11/Do-U-S-biolabs-hold-up-to-scrutiny--Qp3jQrmvoQ/index.html</ref><ref>https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-06-11/Global-netizens-reveal-growing-list-of-U-S-bio-security-labs-ReT49fqZEs/index.html</ref>

 

In a 2012 scientific paper, [[Dr. Anthony Fauci]] of the U.S. [[National Institutes of Health]] argued that the alleged benefits resulting from gain of function research outweighed the risks.<ref>https://twitter.com/mirandadevine/status/1398286881306128402</ref>  On October 17, 2014, the [[Obama administration]] announced a moratorium on gain-of-function research.<ref>https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2014/10/17/doing-diligence-assess-risks-and-benefits-life-sciences-gain-function-research</ref>  The moratorium was lifted by the [[Obama]] [[White House]] in January 2017, eleven days before [[President Trump]] was sworn into office.

 

In March 2018, [[Peter Daszak]]'s [[EcoHealth Alliance]] (EHA) submitted a funding request to the [[Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency]] (DARPA) for bat coronavirus research called Operation Defuse.  It was rejected as too dangerous.<ref>https://twitter.com/VigilantFox/status/1480740626161414145</ref>  DARPA gave as the reason's for rejection:<ref>https://assets.ctfassets.net/syq3snmxclc9/5OjsrkkXHfuHps6Lek1MO0/5e7a0d86d5d67e8d153555400d9dcd17/defuse-project-rejection-by-darpa.pdf</ref>

 

 

The Japanese set up a covert biological and chemical warfare research and development unit in [[Harbin]]. Unit 731 and its affiliated units  were involved in research, development and experimental deployment of epidemic-creating biowarfare weapons in assaults against the Chinese populace (both military and civilian) throughout World War II. Plague-infected fleas, bred in the laboratories of Unit 731 and Unit 1644, were spread by low-flying airplanes upon Chinese cities, including coastal Ningbo and Changde, [[Hunan]] Province, in 1940 and 1941.<ref name="ciadoc" /> This military aerial spraying killed tens of thousands of people with [[bubonic plague]] epidemics. An expedition to [[Nanjing|Nanking]] involved spreading [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]] and paratyphoid germs into the wells, marshes, and houses of the city, as well as infusing them into snacks to be distributed among the locals. Epidemics broke out shortly after, to the elation of many researchers, where it was concluded that paratyphoid fever was "the most effective" of the pathogens.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://the-eye.eu/public/concen.org/Sheldon%20H.%20Harris%20-%20Factories%20of%20Death%20-%20Japanese%20Biological%20Warfare%2C%201932-1945%2C%20and%20the%20American%20Cover-Up%20%28pdf%29%20-%20roflcopter2110%20%5BWWRG%5D/Sheldon%20H.%20Harris%20-%20Factories%20of%20Death%20-%20Japanese%20Biological%20Warfare%20%28pdf%29%20-%20roflcopter2110%20%5BWWRG%5D.pdf|title=Factories of Death |last=Harris|first=Sheldon|page=77}}</ref><ref>Barenblatt, Daniel. ''A Plague Upon Humanity: the Secret Genocide of Axis Japan's Germ Warfare Operation'', HarperCollins, 2004. {{ISBN|0-06-018625-9}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

- Dual Use Research of Concern

At least 12 large-scale field trials of biological weapons were performed, and at least 11 Chinese cities were attacked with biological agents. An attack on Changda in 1941 reportedly led to approximately 10,000 biological casualties and 1,700 deaths among ill-prepared Japanese troops, with most cases due to cholera.<ref name="histpersp" /> Japanese researchers performed tests on prisoners with [[bubonic plague]], [[cholera]], [[smallpox]], [[botulism]], and other diseases.<ref>[https://fas.org/nuke/guide/japan/bw/ Biological Weapons Program-Japan] Federation of American Scientists</ref> This research led to the development of the defoliation bacilli bomb and the flea bomb used to spread bubonic plague.<ref>[http://www.centurychina.com/wiihist/germwar/731rev.htm Review of the studies on Germ Warfare] Tien-wei Wu ''A Preliminary Review of Studies of Japanese Biological Warfare and Unit 731 in the United States''</ref> Some of these bombs were designed with [[porcelain]] shells, an idea proposed by Ishii in 1938.

- Vaccine epitope coverage

Due to pressure from numerous accounts of the bio-warfare attacks, [[Chiang Kai-shek]] sent a delegation of army and foreign medical personnel in November 1941 to document evidence and treat the afflicted. A report on the Japanese use of plague-infested fleas on Changde was made widely available the following year, but was not addressed by the Allied Powers until [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] issued a public warning in 1943 condemning the attacks.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biohazard: Unit 731 and the American Cover-Up (Page 5)|url=https://www.umflint.edu/sites/default/files/groups/Research_and_Sponsored_Programs/MOM/b.altheide.pdf|website=[[University of Michigan–Flint]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guillemin|first=Jeanne|date=2017|editor-last=Friedrich|editor-first=Bretislav|editor2-last=Hoffmann|editor2-first=Dieter|editor3-last=Renn|editor3-first=Jürgen|editor4-last=Schmaltz|editor4-first=Florian|editor5-last=Wolf|editor5-first=Martin|title=The 1925 Geneva Protocol: China's CBW Charges Against Japan at the Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal|journal=One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare: Research, Deployment, Consequences|language=en|publisher=Springer International Publishing|pages=273–286|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-51664-6_15|isbn=9783319516646|doi-access=free}}</ref>

- Regulatory requirements

- ELSI (ethical, legal, and social issues)

Anthrax has become known as a biological weapon. It became notable in the news in 2001, due to anthrax scares caused by anthrax found in letters written to several media personalities and politicians, including then-Senate Minority Leader [[Tom Daschle]]. This occurred shortly after [[9/11]].  Twenty-two people developed anthrax infections, and five of them died.  Some of the survivors suffer from continuing serious health problems.  The strain of anthrax used in the attacks was first developed in a [[U.S. Army]] facility in Fort Detrick, [[Maryland]].  The wife of one of the victims, Robert Stevens, is suing the U.S. government for lax security.  She alleges that the anthrax came from the facility at Fort Detrick.

[[Smallpox]] may have been used as a biological weapon in North America in the 18th century.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/coldwar/pox_weapon_01.shtml</ref>  During [[World War II]] Britain conducted experiments with [[anthrax]] as a biological weapon on Gruinard Island, [[Scotland]].<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsOJRxs_dTI</ref>

[[File:Govt Advisors SHRED Documents Detailing Fauci Obama-Era Work With Wuhan Lab.PNG|right|275px|thumb|In February 2022 it was reported that government advisors shredded documents detailing the Obama administration's work with the Wuhan Lab.]]

Fauci however, cast aside the [[Pentagon]]'s concerns and picked up the project, funding to be continued at the Wuhan Institute of Virology and in [[North Carolina]].  Fauci's reasoning was that the probability of a pandemic arising in nature was greater than a viral pathogen escaping from a lab, or his trusted communist partners in the [[Peoples Liberation Army]] using it as an offensive biological weapon.<ref>https://youtu.be/_Rt_dcAh8JI</ref>

==China==

==China==

[[File:Covid 19 bioweapon.PNG|right|350px|thumb|Leaked Chinese document.]]

[[File:Covid 19 bioweapon.PNG|right|350px|thumb|Leaked Chinese document.]]

:{{See also|Coronavirus}}

:{{See also|Coronavirus}}

[[COVID-19]] was created in a laboratory by the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] and fine-tuned as a bioweapon.  It was specifically designed to be highly contagious, but often [[asymptomatic]], have low lethality, but produce uncontrollable variants and possessing characteristics providing plausible deniability as a bioweapon.

[[COVID-19]] was created in a laboratory by the Chinese [[People's Liberation Army]] and fine-tuned as a bioweapon.  It was specifically designed to be highly contagious, but often [[asymptomatic]], have low lethality, but produce uncontrollable variants and possessing characteristics providing [[plausible deniability]] as a bioweapon.

According to [[Chinese military doctrine]], such bioweapons are used prior to a declaration of war for political or international strategic needs, where the use of which can be denied. The intent, according to [[leak]]ed documents, being: "Even if the academic evidence, virological evidence, and animal experiment data could possibly prove (that the virus comes from the lab), we can just deny it, stop (investigation), suppress (scholars), make sure the international organizations and honest people’s work is futile.”

According to [[Chinese military doctrine]], such bioweapons are used prior to a declaration of war for political or international strategic needs, where the use of which can be denied. The intent, according to [[leak]]ed documents, being: "Even if the academic evidence, virological evidence, and animal experiment data could possibly prove (that the virus comes from the lab), we can just deny it, stop (investigation), suppress (scholars), make sure the international organizations and honest people’s work is futile.”

Scientists from the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] were chosen to participate in non-human primate (monkeys) transmission testing, simulated coronavirus release and response exercises such as at Wuhan’s Tianhe airport in September 2019 and an actual test release of COVID-19 at the 2019 Military World Games from October 18–27, 2019.<ref>https://ccnationalsecurity.org/more-evidence-leaked-from-china-on-the-deliberate-release-of-covid-19-by-the-chinese-military/</ref>

Scientists from the [[Wuhan Institute of Virology]] were chosen to participate in non-human primate (monkeys) transmission testing, simulated coronavirus release and response exercises such as at Wuhan’s Tianhe airport in September 2019 and an actual test release of COVID-19 at the 2019 Military World Games from October 18–27, 2019.<ref>https://ccnationalsecurity.org/more-evidence-leaked-from-china-on-the-deliberate-release-of-covid-19-by-the-chinese-military/</ref>

==See also==

==See also==

*[[CCP global pandemic]]

*[[Covid-19 pandemic]]

* [[Bioterrorism]]

* [[Bioterrorism]]

==References==

==References==

{{reflist}}

{{reflist}}

 

[[Category:Weapons]]

[[Category:Weapons]]