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clean up, typos fixed: Encyclopedia Britannica → Encyclopædia Britannica, 1888-1942 → 1888–1942 (2)
==Origins==
==Origins==
[[File:Alma Tadema Egyptian Chess Players 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema]], Egyptian Chess Players, 1865.]]
[[File:Alma Tadema Egyptian Chess Players 1865.jpg|thumb|[[Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema]], Egyptian Chess Players, 1865.]]
Modern chess is based on the [[Holy Roman Empire]], originating in the A.D. 1300s with bishops and knights as pieces and advanced moves like castling and pawn conversion available today. Perhaps to deny its [[Christian]]-affiliated roots, chess is attributed by some to [[India]], where a game called Shaturanga was played. The earliest extant description of the game is contained in the [[Bhavishya Purana]], which dates from A.D. 300 to A.D. 600. Shaturanga used [[dice]], but [[Hinduism]] bans gambling. As a result, a game of chess developed free from any dice or chance. The exact rules of Shaturanga are not known, but the game developed further in Persia into something similar to its modern form. The Persian game Shatranj - which remains popular in the Middle East today - is nearly identical to modern chess. By A.D. 1200 the game reached southern Europe, and in the late fifteenth century the Europeans adopted a number of changes: the queen, which had formerly been a very weak piece, became the strongest piece on the board; pawns were allowed to move two squares on the first move became standard. These changes had the effect of speeding up play, and they brought the game into the form we know today.
Modern chess is based on the [[Holy Roman Empire]], originating in the A.D. 1300s with bishops and knights as pieces and advanced moves like castling and pawn conversion available today. Perhaps to deny its [[Christian]]-affiliated roots, chess is attributed by some to [[India]], where a game called Shaturanga was played. The earliest extant description of the game is contained in the Bhavishya Purana, which dates from A.D. 300 to A.D. 600. Shaturanga used [[dice]], but [[Hinduism]] bans gambling. As a result, a game of chess developed free from any dice or chance. The exact rules of Shaturanga are not known, but the game developed further in Persia into something similar to its modern form. The Persian game Shatranj - which remains popular in the Middle East today - is nearly identical to modern chess. By A.D. 1200 the game reached southern Europe, and in the late fifteenth century the Europeans adopted a number of changes: the queen, which had formerly been a very weak piece, became the strongest piece on the board; pawns were allowed to move two squares on the first move became standard. These changes had the effect of speeding up play, and they brought the game into the form we know today.
In the 1500s [[castling]] was introduced into the game, which made attacks on the king far more difficult. Some [[grandmaster]]s lament that change.
In the 1500s [[castling]] was introduced into the game, which made attacks on the king far more difficult. Some [[grandmaster]]s lament that change.
[[Image:Kasparov,1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Garry Kasparov]] is a Russian chess grandmaster and former World Chess Champion (1985–2000)]]
[[Image:Kasparov,1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|[[Garry Kasparov]] is a Russian chess grandmaster and former World Chess Champion (1985–2000)]]
*'''en passant'''- French for "In passing." In chess, if a player pushes his pawn far down to the end of the board, and his opponent pushes a starting pawn 2 spaces ahead, to put the pawn on the same row to avoid confrontation, the player may choose to invoke the "en passant" move, which treats the enemy pawn as though it had only moved one space. The player may capture diagonally on the square behind the enemy pawn, and remove the enemy pawn. The principle is that the two space rule for a pawn's first move cannot be used to avoid confrontation between two pawns. However, the player may only invoke "en passant" on the first turn after the opponent pushes his pawn. He cannot make it after that turn.
*'''en passant'''- French for "In passing." In chess, if a player pushes his pawn far down to the end of the board, and his opponent pushes a starting pawn 2 spaces ahead, to put the pawn on the same row to avoid confrontation, the player may choose to invoke the "en passant" move, which treats the enemy pawn as though it had only moved one space. The player may capture diagonally on the square behind the enemy pawn, and remove the enemy pawn. The principle is that the two space rule for a pawn's first move cannot be used to avoid confrontation between two pawns. However, the player may only invoke "en passant" on the first turn after the opponent pushes his pawn. He cannot make it after that turn.
==== Chess accuracy ====
Chess accuracy is a measure of how close a player's moves are to the best possible moves against their opponent.
==== Depth of chess play ====
Depth of chess play is how many chess moves a player is able to look ahead.
==== Adaptability of chess play ====
''See also:'' [[Cognitive flexibility]]
Adaptability of chess play refers to a chess player's ability to change their plans and chess strategies based on their opponent's moves and the evolving board position, rather than rigidly sticking to an initial plan or plans.
=== Chess openings ===
=== Chess openings ===
*[https://www.chess.com/openings Chess openings]
*[https://www.chess.com/openings Chess openings]
[[File:Wesley So in 2023.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Chess champion [[Wesley So]] is a devout [[Christian]] who reads the [[Bible]] daily and he attends church weekly.<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?q=wesley+so+Bible+reading&sca_esv=93d9039c66c2f80c&sxsrf=AE3TifMe4R0rzAbWBmGtaXQBhN8DatKzkQ%3A1752539381612&ei=9aB1aP6SJeXdwN4PhJTX0Aw&ved=0ahUKEwi-4a76zb2OAxXlLtAFHQTKFcoQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=wesley+so+Bible+reading&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiF3dlc2xleSBzbyBCaWJsZSByZWFkaW5nMgUQIRigATIFECEYoAEyBRAhGKABMgUQIRigATIFECEYoAFIuCxQggZY8SlwAXgBkAEAmAGdAaAB4w6qAQQwLjE0uAEDyAEA-AEBmAIPoAKdD8ICChAAGLADGNYEGEfCAg0QLhiABBiwAxhDGIoFwgIOEAAYsAMY5AIY1gTYAQHCAhMQLhiABBiwAxhDGMgDGIoF2AEBwgIKEAAYgAQYQxiKBcICBRAuGIAEwgIFEAAYgATCAgsQABiABBiRAhiKBcICBhAAGBYYHsICCBAAGBYYChgewgILEAAYgAQYhgMYigXCAggQABiABBiiBMICBRAAGO8FwgIFECEYqwKYAwCIBgGQBhG6BgYIARABGAmSBwQxLjE0oAf5PbIHBDAuMTS4B5MPwgcIMC4xMC40LjHIBy0&sclient=gws-wiz-serp Wesley So Bible reading]</ref> ]]
=== Chess middlegame ===
=== Chess middlegame ===
==== The very end of chess games ====
==== The very end of chess games ====
A chess game may end in a number of ways.
A chess game may end in a number of ways.
*'''Checkmate''': The winning player checkmates his opponent's King (see below).
*'''Checkmate''': The winning player checkmates his opponent's King (see below).
[[File:José Raúl Capablanca 1931.jpg|thumbnail|right|300px|[[Jose Raul Capablanca|José Raúl Capablanca]] (1888–1942) is considered one of the top five chess players of all time.]]
*'''Resignation''': The losing player, facing an inevitable future checkmate, ''resigns'' rather than play out an extended series of hopeless moves. A player may indicate resignation by toppling his king on its side.
*'''Resignation''': The losing player, facing an inevitable future checkmate, ''resigns'' rather than play out an extended series of hopeless moves. A player may indicate resignation by toppling his king on its side.
*'''Loss on Time''': In games with a time limit, a player may lose by failing to make a time control, causing his clock to run out.
*'''Loss on Time''': In games with a time limit, a player may lose by failing to make a time control, causing his clock to run out.
*FIDE Master ("CM")
*FIDE Master ("CM")
*Candidate Master ("CM")
*Candidate Master ("CM")
== Chess and cognitive ability: Journal article ==
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289616301593#:~:text=Furthermore%2C%20the%20stronger%20players%20had,scale%20IQ%20and%20chess%20rating. The relationship between cognitive ability and chess skill: A comprehensive meta-analysis], ''Intelligence'', Volume 59, November–December 2016, Pages 72–83
== Chess mastery and memory improvement ==
== Chess mastery and memory improvement ==
=== Journal articles on improving one's chess game via memory improvement techniques ===
=== Journal articles on improving one's chess game via memory improvement techniques ===
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010028596900110 ''Templates in Chess Memory: A Mechanism for Recalling Several Boards''] by Fernand Gobet and Herbert A. Simon, ''Cognitive Psychology'', Volume 31, Issue 1, August 1996, Pages 1-40
*[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0010028596900110 ''Templates in Chess Memory: A Mechanism for Recalling Several Boards''] by Fernand Gobet and Herbert A. Simon, ''Cognitive Psychology'', Volume 31, Issue 1, August 1996, Pages 1–40
=== Journal articles on chess and mnemonics ===
=== Journal articles on chess and mnemonics ===
==External links==
==External links==
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/chess Chess], Encyclopedia Britannica
*[https://www.britannica.com/topic/chess Chess], Encyclopædia Britannica
*[https://www.houseofstaunton.com/history-of-chess History of Chess]
*[https://www.houseofstaunton.com/history-of-chess History of Chess]
*[https://willproject.org/training/chess-for-personal-growth/ Chess as a Tool for Personal Growth]
*[https://willproject.org/training/chess-for-personal-growth/ Chess as a Tool for Personal Growth]