Difference between revisions of "Pharaoh"

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[[Image:AmenhotepII.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Pharoah Amenhotep II]]
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<gallery perrow="10">
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'''Pharaoh''' (Egyptian: ''per aa'', "great house", i.e. the royal palace), generic name or title used in referring to the kings of [[Ancient Egypt]]; its use as a synonym began during the 18th Dynasty (1539-1293 B.C.), although it was never in formal use as an actual royal title.
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==Egyptian use of the name==
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The term "pharaoh" occurs in its earliest form from the text inscriptions within the [[pyramid]]s onward. At first it is used with distinct reference to its [[etymology]] and not clearly as an independent title. Pharaoh, "great house," was applied as a metaphor to mean the government. But in an [[absolute monarchy]] as Egypt the king was the government, and the title of pharaoh was, by a figure of speech, put for the king. Its use in Egypt clearly as a title denoting the ruler (similar to Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar) belongs to a few dynasties probably beginning with the 18th, and certainly ending not later than the 21st during the time of Pharaoh [[Sheshonq I]] (possibly the [[Shishak]] of [[1 Kings]] 14:25). The title is certainly used in the time of [[Rameses II]], in the "Tale of Two Brothers" (Records of the Past, 1st series, II, 137; Recueil de Travaux, XXI, 13, l. 1).
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In official documents, the full title of the Egyptian king consisted of five names, each preceded by one of the following titles: Horus; Two Ladies; Golden Horus; King of Upper and Lower Egypt and Lord of the Double Land; and Son of Re and Lord of the Diadems. The last name was given him at birth, the others at coronation.
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==Regalia==
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In statues, reliefs, and paintings the pharoah is usually depicted as bearing the ''crook'' and ''flail'', ancient Egyptian symbols of royal power, both stylized depictions of the herder's staff and whip respectively. Upon his head are one of five crowns: the white crown of Upper Egypt (''hedjet''), a tall conical crown used since the first king, Narmer; the red crown of Lower Egypr (''deshret''); the ''double crown'' (''pschent'') consisting of a combination of the two, and used since the unification of the two lands; the blue, or war crown (''khepresh''), used beginning in depictions from the 18th Dynasty, and especially associated with [[Ramesses II]]; and the simpler Nemes crown, a cloth headress often with gold striping. All crowns bore either the ''uraeus'' Wadjet (symbol of Upper Egypt), and the vulture Nekhbet (Lower Egypt), or both.  <ref>http://www.egyptologyonline.com/pharaoh's_crowns.htm</ref>
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==Significance of Use in the Bible==
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Biblical writers had used this word with historical accuracy for the various periods to which it refers, not only for the time of Necoh and Hophra, but for the time of Rameses II, and use the style of the time of Rameses II for the time of [[Abraham]] and [[Joseph]], concerning which we have not certain knowledge of its use in Egypt. Despite its use throughout the [[Bible]] in refering to the king of Egypt, there are only three instances in the Bible in which a pharaoh was referred to by name: the previously-mentioned Shishak, Necoh, and Hophra. It is suspected that writers of the 7th or 5th century BC would not have been able to make such historical use of this name, while, to a writer at the time of the [[The Exodus|Exodus]], it would have been perfectly natural to use Pharaoh for the king without any further name; and historical writers in the time of the prophets in Palestine would likewise have used Pharaoh-necoh and Pharaoh Hophra. This evidence is not absolutely conclusive for an early authorship of the [[Pentateuch]] and historical books, but is very difficult to set aside for a late authorship (compare [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 12:14-20; 41:14; [[Book of Exodus|Exodus]] 1:11; 3:11; [[1 Kings]] 3:1; 14:25; [[2 Kings]] 23:29; [[Book of Jeremiah|Jeremiah]] 44:30; also 1 Kings 11:19; 2 Kings 18:21; [[1 Chronicles]] 4:18).  
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{| border="1" align="center" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="1000" style="margin-left:5px"
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|align="center" colspan="3"|
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Chronological list of the Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Protodynastic Period (prior to 3050 B.C.)
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|-
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
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! width="500" | Details
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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! width="150" | Dates
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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|-
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| "Scorpion I"
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| Evidence found in the Thinis tombs (U-j) of the royal cemetery of Abydos by Prof. John Darnell of Yale University indicating a 5,000 year-old date for this king.
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| Awaiting identity
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|-
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| "Scorpion II"
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| Only evidence of his existence is a ceremonial macehead discovered at Hierakonpolis, Egypt in 1897, and currently on display at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England. Named by archaeologists for the figure of a scorpion in front of the king's image; his actual Egyptian name is unknown.
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| Awaiting identity
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|-
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|First Dynasty (3050-2890 B.C.)
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|-
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
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! width="500" | Details
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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! width="150" | Dates
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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|-
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| Menes (=Narmer?)
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| Semi-legendary founder/unifier of Egypt
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| Awaiting identity
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|-
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| Hor-Aha
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| unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt?
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| c. 3050 BC
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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|-
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| Djer
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| &mdash;
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| 41 years
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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|-
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| Merneith
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| Regent for Den
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| &mdash;
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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|-
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| Djet
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| &mdash;
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| 23 years
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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|-
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| Den
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| &mdash;
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| 14 to 20.1 years
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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|-
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| Anedjib
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| &mdash;
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| 10 years
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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|-
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| Semerkhet
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| &mdash;
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| 9 years
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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|-
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| Qa'a
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| &mdash;
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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| 2916 BC?&ndash;2890 BC
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Image:Hitler.jpg|"MOAR I SAY, MOAR!"
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|-
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</gallery>
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Second Dynasty (2890-2686 B.C.)
 
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|-
 
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
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! width="400" | Details
 
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! width="120" | Dates
 
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|-
 
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| Hotepsekhemwy
 
−
| &mdash;
 
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| 2890 BC&ndash;?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Raneb
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 39 years
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nynetjer
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 40 years
 
−
|-
 
−
| Wneg
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 8 years
 
−
|-
 
−
| Senedj
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 20 years
 
−
|-
 
−
| Seth-Peribsen
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 17 years
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sekhemib-Perenmaat
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Khasekhemwy
 
−
| ?&ndash;2686 BC
 
−
| 17 to 18 years
 
−
|-
 
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Old Kingdom
 
−
|-
 
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!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Third Dynasty (2686-2613 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
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! width="400" | Details
 
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! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sanakhte
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2686-2668
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Djoser]]
 
−
| Commissioned the first pyramid, the [[Step Pyramid]]
 
−
| 2668&ndash;2649
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sekhemkhet
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2649&ndash;2643
 
−
|-
 
−
| Khaba
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2643&ndash;2637
 
−
|-
 
−
| Huni
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2637&ndash;2613
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fourth Dynasty (2613-2498 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
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! width="400" | Details
 
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! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
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|[[Sneferu]] || Builder of the [[Bent Pyramid]], the [[Red Pyramid]] (the first true pyramid), and the so-called [[False Pyramid]] at Maidum. || |2613&ndash;2589
 
−
|-
 
−
|[[Khufu]] || Built the [[Great Pyramid]] on the Giza Plateau; also known by the Greek name ''Cheops''. || 2589&ndash;2566
 
−
|-
 
−
|Djedefra  || &mdash; || 2566&ndash;2558
 
−
|-
 
−
|[[Khafra]] || Built the second great pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name ''Chephren''. || 2558&ndash;2532
 
−
|-
 
−
|''Bikheris'' || Inserted here, following [[Manetho]] ||  &mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
|[[Menkaura]] || Built the smallest pyramid at Giza; also known by the Greek name ''Mycerinus'' || 2532&ndash;2503
 
−
|-
 
−
|Shepseskaf || &ndash; || 2503&ndash;2498
 
−
|-
 
−
|''Thampthis'' || Inserted here, following Manetho || &mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fifth Dynasty (2498-2345 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Userkaf
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2498&ndash;2491
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sahure
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2487&ndash;2477
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferirkare Kakai
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2477&ndash;2467
 
−
|-
 
−
| Shepseskare Isi
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2467&ndash;2460
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferefre
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2460&ndash;2453
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nyuserre Ini
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2453&ndash;2422
 
−
|-
 
−
| Menkauhor Kaiu
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2422&ndash;2414
 
−
|-
 
−
| Djedkare Isesi
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2414&ndash;2375
 
−
|-
 
−
| Unas
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2375&ndash;2345
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Sixth Dynasty (2345-2181 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Teti
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2345&ndash;2333
 
−
|-
 
−
| Userkare
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2333&ndash;2332
 
−
|-
 
−
| Pepi I Meryre
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2332&ndash;2283
 
−
|-
 
−
| Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2283&ndash;2278
 
−
|-
 
−
| Pepi II Neferkare
 
−
| Possibly reigned until 2224 which would explain the following 4 pharaohs.
 
−
| 2278&ndash;2184
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferka
 
−
| Only mentioned in the redford. Co-reigned with Pepi II?
 
−
| 2200&ndash;2199
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nefer
 
−
| Reign of 2 years, 1 month and a day ([[Turin Canon]])
 
−
| 2197&ndash;2193
 
−
|-
 
−
| Aba
 
−
| Reign of 4 years, 2 months (Does not follow Turin Canon).
 
−
| 2293&ndash;2176
 
−
|-
 
−
| Unknown King
 
−
| &ndash;
 
−
| &ndash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
 
−
| Kingship uncertain.
 
−
| 2184
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nitiqret
 
−
| Female ruler?
 
−
| 2184&ndash;2181
 
−
|-
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|First Intermediate Period
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Seventh and Eighth Dynasties (2181-2160 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
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! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
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! width="400" | Details
 
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! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkara I ||&ndash; || &ndash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Netjerkare ||&ndash; ||&ndash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Menkare ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkare II  ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkare Nebi ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Djedkare Shemai ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkare Khendu ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| ''Merenhor''||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkamin Seneferka ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nikare ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkare Tereru ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkahor ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkare Pepiseneb ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkamin Anu ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Qakare Ibi ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkaure II ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkauhor Khuwihap ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferirkare ||&mdash; ||&mdash;
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ninth Dynasty (2160-2130 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Meryibre Khety (Achthoes I)
 
−
| -
 
−
| 2160&ndash; ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Meribre Khety II
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkare III
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nebkaure (Acthoes II)
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Setut
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Wakhare Khety I
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Merykare
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Wankhare Khety II
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Menethoupe I
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Wankhare Khety III
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Khety II
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Khety II's daughter
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Merikare's daughter
 
−
| -
 
−
| ? &ndash;2130
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Tenth Dynasty (2130-2040 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Meryhathor
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2130&ndash; ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferkare IV
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Wankare (Acthoes III)
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Merykare
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ? &ndash;2040
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Eleventh Dynasty (2034-1991 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Intef I
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2134&ndash;2117
 
−
|-
 
−
| Intef II
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2117&ndash;2069
 
−
|-
 
−
| Intef III
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2069&ndash;2060
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nebhetepre Mentuhotep I
 
−
| Succeeded in controlling all of Egypt by 2040; considered beginning of Middle Kingdom.
 
−
| 2060&ndash;2010
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sankhkare Mentuhotep II
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 2010&ndash;1998
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nebtawyre Mentuhotep III
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 1997&ndash;1991
 
−
|-
 
−
| Mentuhotep IV
 
−
| Co-reignal?
 
−
|7 years
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Middle Kingdom
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twelfth Dynasty (1991-1802 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Amenemhat I
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 1991&ndash;1962
 
−
|-
 
−
| Senusret I (Sesostris I)
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 1971&ndash;1926
 
−
|-
 
−
| Amenemhat II
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 1929&ndash;1895
 
−
|-
 
−
| Senusret II (Sesostris II)
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 1897&ndash;1878
 
−
|-
 
−
| Senusret III (Sesostris III)
 
−
| Most powerful Middle Kingdom pharaoh.
 
−
| 1878&ndash;1860
 
−
|-
 
−
| Amenemhat III
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 1860&ndash;1815
 
−
|-
 
−
| Amenemhat IV
 
−
| Co-regency of at least 1 year with Amenemhat III (based on a [[Konosso]] inscription).
 
−
| 1815&ndash;1807
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sobekneferu
 
−
| Female ruler.
 
−
| 1807&ndash;1803
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Second Intermediate Period
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirteenth Dynasty (1802-1649 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep (or Wegaf)
 
−
| Founder of the 13th Dynasty.
 
−
| 1803&ndash;1799
 
−
|-
 
−
| Amenemhat Senebef (Sekhemkare)
 
−
| Reigned 3 years
 
−
| 1798&mdash;1795
 
−
|-
 
−
| Amenemhat
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| 1795&ndash;1792 
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sehetepre
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ? &ndash;1790
 
−
|-
 
−
| Iufni
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Seankhibre
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Semenkare
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sehetepre
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sewadjkare
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nedjemibre
 
−
| Reigned 7 months
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sobekhotep I
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Renseneb
 
−
| 4 months
 
−
| c. 1775
 
−
|-
 
−
| Awybre Hor I(?)
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| c. 1775(?)
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Sedjefakare]]
 
−
| Became well-known through the writings on many documents and stele.
 
−
| c. 5 to 7 yrs. 
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| c. 1767
 
−
|-
 
−
| Khendjer
 
−
| Reigned 4 yrs, 3 months, possibly longer.
 
−
| c. 1765
 
−
|-
 
−
| Imyremeshaw
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Antef V
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sobekhotep III
 
−
| Reigned 4 years, 2 months
 
−
| c. 1755
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferhotep I
 
−
| Reigned 11 years
 
−
| 1751&ndash;1740
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sobekhotep IV
 
−
| Reigned 10-11 years
 
−
| 1740&ndash;1730
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sobekhotep V
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| c. 1730
 
−
|-
 
−
| Wahibre Ibiau
 
−
| Reigned 10 years, 8 months
 
−
| c. 1725&ndash;1714
 
−
|-
 
−
| Merneferre Ai
 
−
| Reigned 23 years, 8 months
 
−
| c. 1714&ndash;1691
 
−
|-
 
−
| Merhetepre Ini
 
−
| Reigned 2 years, 2 months
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Seankhenre Sewadtjew
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Mersekhemre Ined
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sewadjkare Hori
 
−
| &mdash;
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Dudimose I]]
 
−
| Position uncertain in conventional chronology; David Rohl claims him as [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]] in his chronology; [[Josephus]] gives his name as "Tutimaos" (''Antiquities of the Jews'')
 
−
| c. 1654
 
−
|-
 
−
| Dudimose II
 
−
| Position uncertain
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Senebmiu
 
−
| Position uncertain
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Mentuhotep V
 
−
| Position uncertain
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Senaayeb
 
−
| Position uncertain
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fourteenth Dynasty (ruled from the eastern Delta at Avaris, c. 1705-1690 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nehesy
 
−
| -
 
−
| c. 1705
 
−
|-
 
−
| Khakherewre
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nebefawre
 
−
| -
 
−
| c. 1704
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sehebre
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Merdjefare
 
−
| -
 
−
| c. 1699
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sewadjkare
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nebdjefare
 
−
| -
 
−
| c. 1694
 
−
|-
 
−
| Webenre
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| unknown
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Djefare
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Webenre
 
−
| -
 
−
| c. 1690
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Fifteenth Dynasty (origins in the Hyksos people, ruled c. 1674-1535 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sheshi
 
−
| Reigned 1 or 3 years
 
−
| 1674- ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Yakubher
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Khyan
 
−
| -
 
−
| 30-40 Years
 
−
|-
 
−
| Apepi I
 
−
| -
 
−
| Reigned 40 + years
 
−
|-
 
−
|-
 
−
| Khamudy
 
−
| -
 
−
| ? -1535
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Sixteenth Dynasty (ruled from the north Sinai Penninsula, c. 1663-1555 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| -
 
−
|width=400 | name of the first king is lost due to fragmentary nature of the [[Turin King List]].
 
−
| -
 
−
|-
 
−
|Djehuty (Sekhemresementawy) || &ndash; || Reigned 3 years
 
−
|-
 
−
|Sobekhotep VIII (Sekhemresewosertawy) || &ndash; || Reigned 16 years
 
−
|-
 
−
|Neferhotep III (Sekhemresankhtawy) || &ndash; || Reigned 1 year
 
−
|-
 
−
|Mentuhotepi (Sankhenra) || &ndash; || Reigned 1 year
 
−
|-
 
−
|Nebiryraw I (Sewadjenra) || &ndash; || Reigned 26 years
 
−
|-
 
−
|Nebiryraw II || &ndash; || Reigned 3 months (?)
 
−
|-
 
−
|Semenra || &ndash; || Reigned 1 year (?)
 
−
|-
 
−
|Bebiankh (Sewoserenra) || &ndash; || Reigned 12 years
 
−
|-
 
−
|Sekhemreshedwaset || &ndash; || Reigned 3 months (?)
 
−
|-
 
−
| -
 
−
|width=400 | the names of the following five to twelve kings are lost due to fragmentary nature of the Turin King List
 
−
| -
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Seventeenth Dynasty (ruled from Upper Egypt, c. 1650-1550 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Rahotep Sekhemrewahkhaw
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1650- ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Intef V the Elder
 
−
| -
 
−
| Reigned 3 years
 
−
|-
 
−
| Antef VI Sekhemrewepmaat
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Antef VII Nubkheperre
 
−
| -
 
−
|-
 
−
| Intef VIII Sekhemreherhermaat
 
−
| -
 
−
| -
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sobekemsaf II Sekhemrewadjkhaw
 
−
| -
 
−
| -
 
−
|-
 
−
| Thuty
 
−
| -
 
−
| Reigned 1 year
 
−
|-
 
−
| Mentuhotep VI
 
−
| -
 
−
| Reigned 1 year
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nebiryerawet I
 
−
| -
 
−
| Reigned 6 years
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nebiryerawet II
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Semenmedjatre
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Seuserenre
 
−
| -
 
−
| Reigned 12 years
 
−
|-
 
−
| Shedwast
 
−
| -
 
−
| ?
 
−
|-
 
−
| Intef VII
 
−
| -
 
−
| Reigned 3 + years
 
−
|-
 
−
| Tao I the Elder (Senakhtenre)
 
−
| -
 
−
| c. 1558
 
−
|-
 
−
| Tao II the Brave (Seqenenre)
 
−
| -
 
−
| c. 1558-1554
 
−
|-
 
−
| Kamose
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1554-1549
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|New Kingdom
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1295 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ahmose I
 
−
| Founder of the Eighteenth Dynasty.
 
−
| 1550-1525
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Amenhotep I]]
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1525-1504
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Thutmose I]]
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1504-1492
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Thutmose II]]
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1492-1479
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Thutmose III]]
 
−
| Co-reigned with Hatshepsut; expanded Egyptian Empire into the [[Levant]].  Claimed as the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the oppression]] according to the early date theory.
 
−
|  1479-1425
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Hatshepsut]]
 
−
| Only female to have claimed the title of pharaoh in her lifetime.  Claimed by some Biblical scholars to have been the princess who drew [[Moses]] from the water (Exodus 2:5-10)
 
−
|1473-1458
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Amenhotep II]]
 
−
| Claimed as pharaoh of the Exodus according to the early date theory.
 
−
| 1425-1400
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Thutmose IV]]
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1400-1388
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Amenhotep III]]
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1388-1352
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Amenhotep IV]] ([[Akhenaten]])
 
−
| Founder of the brief [[Amarna Period]], a monotheistic religion based upon the sun disk (Aten).
 
−
| 1352-1334
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Smenkhkare]]
 
−
| Possible coregent with [[Akhenaten]].
 
−
| 1334-1333
 
−
|-
 
−
| Neferneferuaten
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1335-1333
 
−
|-
 
−
| Tutankhaten/[[Tutankhamun]]
 
−
| Son or grandson of Akhenaten; left fabulous treasure to be found by archaeologist Howard Carter in 1922.
 
−
| 1333-1324
 
−
|-
 
−
| Kheperkheprure Ay
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1324-1320
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Horemheb]]
 
−
| Former General and advisor to [[Tutankhamun]]. Obliterated images of the Amarna Period, and set the conditions for the Nineteenth Dynasty.
 
−
| 1320-1292
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ninteenth Dynasty (1295-1186 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Ramesses I]]
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1292-1290
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Seti I]]
 
−
| Conqueror of Libyans and other nations/Grand work projects.  Claimed as the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the oppression]] according to the late date theory. 
 
−
| 1290-1279
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Ramesses II]]
 
−
| The [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]], according to the late date theory. Claimed as the biblical pharoah [[Shishak]] by David Rohl.  Fought the [[Hittites]] at the [[Battle of Kadesh]] in 1275 BC.
 
−
| 1279-1213
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Merneptah]]
 
−
| His stele contains the first known reference to the [[Israelites]].  Considered by some to be the [[Date of the Exodus|pharaoh of the Exodus]]
 
−
| 1213-1203
 
−
|-
 
−
| Amenemses
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1202–1199 (?)
 
−
|-
 
−
| Seti II
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1203-1197
 
−
|-
 
−
| Merneptah Siptah
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1197 (?)-1191
 
−
|-
 
−
| Tausret
 
−
| Female ruler.
 
−
| 1191-1190
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twentieth Dynasty (1185-1070 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Setnakhte
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1186-1183
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ramesses III
 
−
| Fought an invasion of the [[Sea Peoples]]
 
−
| 1183-1152
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ramesses IV
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1152-1146
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ramesses V
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1146-1142
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ramesses VI
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1142-1134
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ramesses VII
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1134-1126
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ramesses VIII
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1126-1124
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ramesses IX
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1124-1106
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ramesses X
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1106-1102
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ramesses XI
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1102-1069
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Third Intermediate Period
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-First Dynasty (ruled from Tanis; claimed all of Egypt but rule was weak. 1069-945 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nesbanebdjed I (or Smendes I)
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1069-1043
 
−
|-
 
−
| Amenemnisu
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1043-1039
 
−
|-
 
−
| Psusennes I
 
−
| -
 
−
| 1039-991
 
−
|-
 
−
| Amenemope
 
−
| -
 
−
| 993-984
 
−
|-
 
−
| Osorkon the Elder (or Osochor)
 
−
| - Osochor
 
−
| 984-978
 
−
|-
 
−
| Siamun
 
−
| -
 
−
| 978-959
 
−
|-
 
−
| Psusennes II
 
−
| -
 
−
| 959-945
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Second Dynasty (Libyans, ruling 945-720 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Shoshenq I
 
−
| Claimed to be the Biblical [[Shishak]]
 
−
| 945-924
 
−
|-
 
−
| Osorkon I
 
−
| -
 
−
| 924-889
 
−
|-
 
−
| Shoshenq II
 
−
| -
 
−
| 890-890/889
 
−
|-
 
−
| Takelot I
 
−
| -
 
−
| 889-874
 
−
|-
 
−
| Harsiese
 
−
| -
 
−
| 875-862
 
−
|-
 
−
| Osorkon II
 
−
| -
 
−
| 874-834
 
−
|-
 
−
| Shoshenq III
 
−
| -
 
−
| 834-795
 
−
|-
 
−
| Shoshenq IV
 
−
| -
 
−
| 795-782
 
−
|-
 
−
| Pami
 
−
| -
 
−
| 782-776
 
−
|-
 
−
| Shoshenq V
 
−
| -
 
−
| 776-740
 
−
|-
 
−
| Osorkon IV
 
−
| -
 
−
| 740-720
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Third Dynasty (Libyans, ruling from Leontopolis, 836-720 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Takelot II
 
−
| Founder of the 23rd Dynasty
 
−
| 837-813
 
−
|-
 
−
| Pedubast
 
−
| Seized Thebes during a rebellion against Takelot II
 
−
| 826-801
 
−
|-
 
−
| Iuput I
 
−
| -
 
−
| 812-811
 
−
|-
 
−
| Shoshenq VI
 
−
| Successor to Pedubast
 
−
| 801-795
 
−
|-
 
−
| Osorkon III
 
−
| Son of Takelot II; proclaimed king after recovering Thebes
 
−
| 795-767
 
−
|-
 
−
| Takelot III
 
−
| -
 
−
| 773-765
 
−
|-
 
−
| Rudamun
 
−
| -
 
−
| 765-762
 
−
|-
 
−
| Iuput II
 
−
| -
 
−
| 762-728
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Fourth Dynasty (Rival dynasty, ruling from the Delta, 732-720 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Tefnakhte
 
−
| -
 
−
| 732-725
 
−
|-
 
−
| Bakenrenef (Bocchoris)
 
−
| -
 
−
| 725-720
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: white; height: 30px; background: brown  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Late Period
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Fifth Dynasty (Nubians, ruling 732-656 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Name
 
−
! width="400" | Comments
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Piye
 
−
| King of [[Nubia]] for 20 years prior to conquering Egypt, where he ruled for four additional years
 
−
| 752-721
 
−
|-
 
−
| Shabaka
 
−
| -
 
−
| 721-707
 
−
|-
 
−
| Shebitku
 
−
| -
 
−
| 707-690
 
−
|-
 
−
| Taharqa
 
−
| -
 
−
| 690-664
 
−
|-
 
−
| Tantamani
 
−
| -
 
−
| 664-653
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Sixth Dynasty (Native Egyptians (Saites), ruling 672-525 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Necho I
 
−
| -
 
−
| 672-664
 
−
|-
 
−
| Psamtik I
 
−
| -
 
−
| 664-610
 
−
|-
 
−
| Necho II
 
−
| Fought against Babylon and King Josiah of Judah, who was killed in battle at Megiddo (2 Kings 23:29, 2 Chronicles 35:20-24)
 
−
| 610-595
 
−
|-
 
−
| Psamtik II
 
−
| -
 
−
| 595-589
 
−
|-
 
−
| Wahibre
 
−
| -
 
−
| 589-570
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ahmose II
 
−
| -
 
−
| 570-526
 
−
|-
 
−
| Psammetichus III
 
−
| -
 
−
| 526-525 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Seventh Dynasty (Persians who conquered Egypt and absorbed it into their empire, ruling 525-404 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Cambyses II
 
−
| -
 
−
| 525-521
 
−
|-
 
−
| Smerdis
 
−
| -
 
−
| 522-521
 
−
|-
 
−
| Darius I the Great
 
−
| -
 
−
| 521-486 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Xerxes I the Great
 
−
| -
 
−
| 486-465 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Artabanus the Hyrcanian
 
−
| -
 
−
| 465-464 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Artaxerxes I
 
−
| -
 
−
| 464-424
 
−
|-
 
−
| Xerxes II
 
−
| claimant to the throne
 
−
| 424-423 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Sogdianus
 
−
| claimant to the throne
 
−
| 424-423 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Darius II
 
−
| -
 
−
| 424-404 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Eighth Dynasty (Six-year rule by a single pharaoh, 525-404 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
|-
 
−
| Amyrtaeus
 
−
| Descendant of Twenty-Sixth Dynasty Saite pharaohs; led a successful revolt against the Persians
 
−
| 404-398 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Twenty-Ninth Dynasty (398-380 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Name
 
−
! width="400" | Comments
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Nefaarud I]]
 
−
| Also known as Nepherites
 
−
| [[398 BC|398]] &ndash; [[393 BC]]
 
−
|-
 
−
| Psammuthes
 
−
| -
 
−
| 393 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Hakor (Achoris)
 
−
| -
 
−
| 393-380
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nefaarud II
 
−
| -
 
−
| 380 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirtieth Dynasty (Last native Egyptian rule, 380-343 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
 
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nectanebo I (Nekhtnebef)
 
−
| -
 
−
| 380-362 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Teos
 
−
| -
 
−
| 362-360 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Nectanebo II
 
−
| -
 
−
| 360-343 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Thirty-First Dynasty (Restored Persian rule, 380-343 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Artaxerxes III
 
−
| Re-conquered Egypt for the Persian Empire
 
−
| 343-338
 
−
|-
 
−
| Artaxerxes IV Arses
 
−
| Ruled from Lower Egypt only
 
−
| 338-336 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Khababash
 
−
| Leader of a Nubian revolt in Upper Egypt
 
−
| 338-335 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Darius III Codomannus
 
−
| Queled revolt in Upper Egypt and returned it Persian control, 335 BC
 
−
| 336-332 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Argead Dynasty (Conquest by Macedonian Greeks; 332-309 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | King
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Alexander III of Macedon ([[Alexander the Great]])
 
−
| Conquered the Persian Empire; ushured in the Hellenistic Age
 
−
| 332-323 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Philip III Arrhidaeus
 
−
| Feeble-minded half-brother of Alexander III
 
−
| 323-317 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Alexander IV
 
−
| Son of Alexander III and Roxana
 
−
| 317-309 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
!colspan="3" align="center" style="color: black; height: 30px; background: tan  no-repeat scroll top left;"|Ptolemaic Dynasty (Second Greek dynasty, 305-30 B.C.)
 
−
|-
 
−
! width="200" | Pharaoh
 
−
! width="400" | Details
 
−
! width="120" | Dates
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy I Soter
 
−
| One of Alexander III's generals; Abdicated in 285 BC
 
−
| 305-285 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Berenice I
 
−
| Wife of Ptolemy I
 
−
| ?-285 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy II Philadelphos
 
−
| -
 
−
| 288-246 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Arsinoe I
 
−
| Wife of Ptolemy II
 
−
| 284-274 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Arsinoe II
 
−
| Wife of Ptolemy II
 
−
| 277-270 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy III Euergetes I
 
−
| -
 
−
| 246-222 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Berenice II
 
−
| Wife of Ptolemy III
 
−
| 244-222
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy IV Philopator
 
−
| -
 
−
| 222-204 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Arsinoe III
 
−
| Wife of Ptolemy IV
 
−
| 220-204 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy V Epiphanes
 
−
| -
 
−
| 204-180
 
−
|-
 
−
| Cleopatra I
 
−
| Wife of Ptolemy V, co-regent with Ptolemy VI during his minority
 
−
| 193-176 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy VI Philometor
 
−
| -
 
−
| 180-164 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Cleopatra II
 
−
| Wife of Ptolemy VI
 
−
| 173-164
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
 
−
| Proclaimed king by Alexandrians in 170 BC; ruled jointly with Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II (169 to 164)
 
−
| 171-163
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy VI Philometor
 
−
| Second rule; restored Egypt from Ptolemy VIII in 163 BC
 
−
| 163-145
 
−
|-
 
−
| Cleopatra II
 
−
| Married Ptolemy VIII; led revolt against her husband in 131 BC; became sole ruler of Egypt.
 
−
| 163-127 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
 
−
| Ruled under regency of his mother Cleopatra II
 
−
| 144-144
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
 
−
| Second rule
 
−
| 145-131
 
−
|-
 
−
| Cleopatra III
 
−
| Second wife of Ptolemy VIII
 
−
| 142-131 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy Memphitis
 
−
| Proclaimed king by Cleopatra II; killed by Ptolemy VIII
 
−
| 131
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II
 
−
| Second rule
 
−
| 127-116
 
−
|-
 
−
| Cleopatra III
 
−
| Second rule; restored with Ptolemy VIII; later co-regent with Ptolemy IX and X.
 
−
| 127-107 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Cleopatra II
 
−
| Reconciled with Ptolemy VIII; co-ruled with Cleopatra III and Ptolemy until 116.
 
−
| 124-116
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
 
−
| Died 80 BC
 
−
| 116-110
 
−
|-
 
−
| Cleopatra IV
 
−
| Shortly married to Ptolemy IX, removed by Cleopatra III
 
−
| 116-115 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy X Alexander I
 
−
| Died 88 BC
 
−
| 110-109 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
 
−
| Second rule
 
−
| 109-107 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy X Alexander I
 
−
| Second rule
 
−
| 107-88 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy IX Soter II
 
−
| Second rule
 
−
| 88-81 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Berenice III
 
−
| Forced to marry Ptolemy XI; murdered 19 days later on his orders
 
−
| 81-80
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy XI Alexander II
 
−
| Set on throne by Sulla; ruled for 80 days before being hung by citizens for killing Berenice III
 
−
| 80 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos (Auletes)
 
−
| Son of Ptolemy IX; died 51 BC
 
−
| 80-58 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Cleopatra V Tryphaena
 
−
| Wife of Ptolemy XII, mother of Berenice IV
 
−
| ?-57 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Cleopatra VI
 
−
| Daughter of Ptolemy XII
 
−
| ?-58 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Berenice IV
 
−
| Daughter of Ptolemy XII
 
−
| 58-55 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos
 
−
| Second rule; reigned briefly with daughter Cleopatra VII before his death
 
−
| 55-51
 
−
|-
 
−
| [[Cleopatra]] VII
 
−
| The Cleopatra of legend; last ruler of Egypt before Roman conquest
 
−
| 51-30
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy XIII
 
−
| Brother of Cleopatra VII
 
−
| 51-47 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Arsinoe IV
 
−
| Opposed Cleopatra VII
 
−
| 48-47
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy XIV
 
−
| Younger brother of Cleopatra VII and Ptolemy XIII
 
−
| 47-44 BC
 
−
|-
 
−
| Ptolemy XV Caesarion
 
−
| Young son of Cleopatra VII by [[Julius Caesar]]; killed on orders of Octavian (future Roman emperor [[Augustus]])
 
−
| 44-30
 
−
|}
 
−
 
 
−
==See also==
 
−
*Tutankamen "[[King Tut]]"
 
−
*[[Ramses II]]
 
−
 
 
−
==References==
 
−
<References/>
 
−
 
 
−
[[category:Egypt]]
 

Revision as of 16:38, November 22, 2008

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