Gaussian integral

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${\frac {d}{dx}}\sin x=?\,$

This article/section deals with mathematical concepts appropriate for late high school or early college.

The Gaussian integral is the integral:

$\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-x^{2}}dx.$

It has a value of ${\sqrt {\pi }}$. The value is needed to normalize the Normal distribution.

Derivation

First look at the double integral

$\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-x^{2}-y^{2}}dxdy.$

Separating it,

$\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-x^{2}}dx\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-y^{2}}dy=(\int _{-\infty }^{\infty }e^{-x^{2}}dx)^{2}$

So, the double integral is merely the square of the Gaussian integral.

Now, do the double integral in polar co-ordinates. $-x^{2}-y^{2}=-(x^{2}+y^{2})=-r^{2}$ and $dxdy=rdrd\theta$, so:

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2-y^2}dxdy = \int_{0}^{2\pi}\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-r^2}rdrd\theta}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle = (\int_{0}^{2\pi}d\theta)(\int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-r^2}rdr)}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle = 2\pi \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-r^2}rdr.}

Substituting Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle z=r^2} into the integral,

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle = 2\pi \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-z}(z^{1/2})(\frac{dz}{2z^{1/2}})}

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle = \pi \int_{0}^{\infty} e^{-z}dz = \pi \left[-e^{-z} \right]_0^{\infty} = \pi.}

Therefore,

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle (\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2}dx)^2 = \pi }

Failed to parse (MathML with SVG or PNG fallback (recommended for modern browsers and accessibility tools): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2}dx = \sqrt\pi.}