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| | '''''The following is personal workspace. Once content is ready, I will migrate it to the appropriate location. I may use this for any number of purposes, but generally it will be used for drafts.'''''<br /> | | '''''The following is personal workspace. Once content is ready, I will migrate it to the appropriate location. I may use this for any number of purposes, but generally it will be used for drafts.'''''<br /> |
| | ''Please to not change the value of this content. If you see a typo or some other small problem, feel free to change this. For anything else, please ask first. '''Thanks!''''' | | ''Please to not change the value of this content. If you see a typo or some other small problem, feel free to change this. For anything else, please ask first. '''Thanks!''''' |
| | ---- | | ---- |
| | For study: [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pianist&oldid=913020] | | For study: [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Pianist&oldid=913020] |
| | + | Ref grouping: [http://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Ideology&oldid=1237144] |
| | + | </noinclude> |
| | + | {|border="1" |
| | + | |[[Image:Public domain sign.png|100px]] |
| | + | |<div class="notice metadata plainlinks" id="USGovt">''This image is not eligible for copyright, or its copyright has expired, or it has been released into the public domain by the copyright holder. This applies worldwide.'' [http://www.copyright.gov/title17/92chap1.html#102]</div> |
| | + | |- style="border: 1px solid #A9A9A9;" border="1" |
| | + | |align="center"|'''Source''' |
| | + | <!--||{{{source|N/A}}}--> |
| | + | ||{{#if:string |{{{source|}}} |{{{1}}}}} |
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| − | In computing, a '''printer''' is a peripheral device which makes the specified permanent marks on paper or other materials. These are most commonly used in conjunction with a desktop or laptop [[computer]], but can in some cases be used with other external devices such as mobile phones or tablet computers. In some cases, printers are built directly into the device
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| − | ==Types==
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| − | ===Personal===
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| − | Personal printers are usually small and inexpensive, and most commonly print using the inkjet method. They receive instructions directly from a primary device (computer) through a parallel port (older method) or [[Universal Serial Bus|USB]] connection. Some also allow wireless connections via Bluetooth. They generally operate solely as a peripheral, should sometimes they include fax and/or photocopy functionality.
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| − |
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| − | ===Network===
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| − | Network printers are not directly connected to a controller (usually a computer) but rather a print server, which exists as an accessible entity on the [[local area network]]. In some cases, the print server is an entirely separate server computer, through which all print jobs are managed. However, sometimes (especially in smaller installations) the printer uses an internal print server. Either way, when something is to be printed, the requesting device connects to the print server through the intranet (or sometimes internet) and delivers the print job. The print server then has the printer complete the task.<br />
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| − | Network printers are commonly used for frequent and high-volume printing, so they often use the Lasterjet method, which is fast and inexpensive. Laserjet printers are at least somewhat larger than most other printers. To provide the speed and functionality required, they are often towers which stand three to four feet tall.
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| − |
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| − | ===Three-dimensional===
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| − | 3D printers are a new technology that enables users to print a solid object using a variety of materials. These are used in private, educational, manufacturing, medical, and other venues. To use this type of printer a user creates a 3D model on a computer, then sends the job to the printer. The printer then constructs the object on a mat, by moving the nozzle (or print head) on a dual-axis assembly and releasing small amounts of the material where it is needed. In general, these printers are very slow in comparison to 2D printers, but the technology is still evolving and improving significantly.<br />
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| − | ====Materials====
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| − | Depending on the purpose and design of the 3D printer, it can use a wide variety of materials. The material is sold as filemet sized at either 1.75mm or 3mm, which is fed into the nozzle, melted, and released as needed. These include:
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| − |
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| − | =====Standard materials=====
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| − | *ABS (Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene)
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| − | *PLA (Polylactic Acid)
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| − | *Polylactic Acid
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| − | *Nylon (Polyamide)
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| − | *NylonX (Polyamide)
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| − |
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| − | =====Flexible materials=====
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| − | *TPE
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| − | *PCTPE (Plasticized Copolyamide TPE)
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| − | *Soft PLA (Polylactic Acid)
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| − | *TPU (Thermoplastic Polyurethane)
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| − | *PET (PolyEthylene Terephthalate)<ref>https://www.allthat3d.com/3d-printer-filament/#pet</ref>
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| − | *PETT (PolyEthylene coTrimethylene Terephthalate)<ref>https://www.allthat3d.com/3d-printer-filament/#pett</ref>
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| − |
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| − | =====Composite materials=====
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| − | *LAYBRICK
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| − | *Wood Composite
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| − | *Conductive (modified PLA for low voltage, low current circuitry)
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| − | *LayCeramic
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| − | *Carbon Fiber Reinforced PLA
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| − | *Metal infused PLA (ColorFabb BrassFill, BronzeFill, and CopperFill)
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| − | *Proto Pasta Stainless Steel/ColorFabb SteelFill ([[Steel]] fibers blended with plastic)
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| − | *Magnetic Iron PLA
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| − | *Lay-Felt
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| − | *Gel-Lay
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| − | *LAY-FOMM 60
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| − | *LAY-FOMM 40
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| − |
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| − | =====Specialty materials=====
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| − | *"Sandstone" (PLA with chalk powder)<ref>https://www.allthat3d.com/3d-printer-filament/#sand</ref>
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| − | *Polycarbonate
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| − | *Bendlay
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| − | *MoldLay
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| − | *Chocolate<ref>http://www.slate.com/blogs/business_insider/2014/12/19/hershey_chocolate_3d_printer.html</ref><ref>https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/241596</ref>
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| − |
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| − | =====Support materials=====
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| − | These are materials which are needed during printing to support parts of the product, during construction, but must be removed when the job is complete. These are printed to fill the space, then dissolved later, leaving only the intended product, with the intended voids.
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| − | *PVA (Polyvinyl Acetate; water soluble)
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| − | *High Impact Polystyrene (dissolved by Limonene)<ref>https://www.allthat3d.com/3d-printer-filament/#hips</ref>
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| − | *LAYaPVA (water soluble)
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| − | *LAY-CLOUD (water soluble)
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| − | *HIGH-T-LAY (water soluble)
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| − | *ETHY-LAY (alcohol soluble)
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| − | <ref>https://www.matterhackers.com/3d-printer-filament-compare</ref>
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| − |
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| − | ===Virtual===
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| − | Virtual printers have earned their name quite simply because they are not really printers at all. These printers have no physical module, but are rather computer programs. The operating system and other software recognizes these as printers, but when something is "printed" to one, the task is spooled into a file, rather than an actual printer. Perhaps th emost common virtual printer is produced by [[Adobe Systems|Adobe]], which "prints" to [[Portable Document Format|PDF]].
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| − |
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| − |
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| − | ==Methods==
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| − | Throughout the evolution of printing technology, many methods of printer have been invented. The following are some of the more presently or formerly popular varieties.
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| − |
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| − | ===Inkjet===
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| − | Inkjet printers are popular, since they offer several advantages. These include high-quality printing, inexpensive printers, and quiet operation. However, inkjet printers use proprietary ink cartridges, which are usually expensive, and this ink tends to fade over time, so the product does not last as well as it might if printed differently.
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| − |
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| − | ====Care and maintenance====
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| − | The main problem these printers experience is clogging of the print heads. They can usually be cleaned fairly easily using [[isopropyl alcohol]]. However ,the printer must be opened up and the print heads removed to do this, and once done, the printer usually must print one or more alignment sheets (which consumes expensive ink). Many Inkjet printers have the print heads on the actual ink cartridges, which means that each time the cartage is replaced, so is the head.
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| − |
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| − | ===Laserjet===
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| − | This printing method uses a laser to "paint" the desired image onto a photosensitive imaging drum. Toner is then picked up by the drum, and transferred to the paper. Heat an pressure are then applied to the paper to fuse the plastic-based toner to the sheet. Black printer one go through this process once, but color printer must do so four times. There are four photoreceptive drums, one is used for each color--yellow, magenta, cyan, and black. Each drum prints its color onto a belt, then a transfer roller moves the toner to the paper. The printing process is as follows:
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| − | #Processing: Construct the page in memory
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| − | #Charging: Put an negative electrostatic charge on the imaging drum
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| − | #Exposing: Write the image on the drum using laser
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| − | #Developing: Add negatively charged toner to the drum (it will be repelled by all areas except those written on by laser)
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| − | #Transferring: Place the toner from the drum onto the paper (If printing color, transfer to a belt first, then the paper)
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| − | #Fusing: Apply heat an pressure to the page
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| − | #Cleaning: Remove excess toner
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| − |
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| − | ====Care and maintenance====
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| − | Since these printer use powder toner, they tend to get quite dirty over time, and should be cleaned periodically. However, compressed air should not be used in most cases, since the toner may become lodged in more vital areas, and this will generally make a mess of the surrounding area. Cold water on a cloth is usually the best option for cleaning most surfaces, and [[isopropyl alcohol]] cleans the rollers well.
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| − |
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| − | ===bubblejet===
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| − | ===Dot Matrix===
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| − | Dot Matrix printers are a kind of impact printer, which is not used nearly as much as it once was. However, they still have their uses since printing is inexpensive and they can produce multiple copies using thermal transfer or carbon paper. Unfortunately, these printers are very noisy, offer poor print quality, and use proprietary ink cartridges. Rather than having set dies for each letter, as some early impact printers did, a dot matrix printer uses pins to form the desired shapes. When printing:
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| − | #The top edge of a continuous sheet of pin fed paper is aligned just above the print head
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| − | #The print head moves from side to side, rapidly extending and retracting pins where marks should appear on the paper.
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| − | #A ribbon runs between the paper and the print head, so the pins press this ribbon against the paper, leaving ink behind
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| − | #The ribbon loop continuously feeds from the ink cartage to the head and back again to maintain the availability of ink.
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| − | #When the print job is complete, extra paper is fed out, so that the product may be torn or cut off
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| − |
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| − | ===Thermal===
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| − | Thermal printers do not use any ink or toner. Rater, they use direct-thermal paper, which turns black in response to heat. These printers are limited to black printing only, and the final product can be destroyed sunlight, hot surfaces, or friction. However, they are inexpensive and convenient for a number of purposes, including shopping receipt printing and label production.
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| − | ====Care and maintenance====
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| − | Since no ink is used, thermal printers tend to stay fairly clean. However, paper fragments and dust can still build up, so these should be cleaned from time to time. Compressed air and/or a damp cloth can be used to clean it manually. Some printers can also be cleaned by feeding through a cleaning card.
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| − |
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| − | ===Phase-change===
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| − | ===Plotter===
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| − |
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| − | [http://www.escotal.com/printer.html]
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