Difference between revisions of "Constants"

From Conservapedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
(Fix typesetting of exponents in math mode)
(Spelling, grammar, and general cleanup, typos fixed: ie, → i.e.,, etc → etc.)
 
(13 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
1 atm = 101.1 kPa
+
This page lists various '''constants''' used in [[physics]] and some useful conversions.
 +
 
 +
==Physical constants==
 +
The number in brackets represents the uncertainty in the constant, so that <math>6.626070040(81) \times 10^{-34}</math> has an uncertainty of <math>0.00000000081 \times 10^{-34}</math>.
 +
 
 +
{| class="wikitable" style="background: white"
 +
|-
 +
!Name
 +
!Symbol
 +
!Value
 +
!Meaning
 +
!Used in
 +
!Exact
 +
|-
 +
|[[Planck's constant]]
 +
|<math>h</math>
 +
|<math>6.626070040(81) \times 10^{-34} \, \mathrm{J} \, \mathrm{s}</math>
 +
|It relates the [[frequency]] of a [[photon]] to its [[energy]]
 +
|[[Quantum mechanics]]
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?h</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|[[Speed of light]]
 +
|<math>c</math>
 +
|<math>299,792,458 \, \mathrm{m} \, \mathrm{s^{-1}}</math>
 +
|This is the speed of light in a [[vacuum]]
 +
|Most of physics, such as [[optics]] and [[relativity]]
 +
|Exact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?c</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Permittivity of free space
 +
|<math>\epsilon_0</math>
 +
|<math>8.854187817... \times 10^{-12} \, \mathrm{F} \, \mathrm{m^{-1}}</math>
 +
|Related to the strength of an [[electric field]] produced by a charge
 +
|[[Electromagnetism]]
 +
|Exact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?ep0</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Permeability of free space
 +
|<math>\mu_0</math>
 +
|<math>4 \pi \times 10^{-7} \, \mathrm{H} \, \mathrm{m^{-1}}</math>
 +
|Related to the strength of [[magnetic field]]s produced by a [[current]]
 +
|[[Electromagnetism]]
 +
|Exact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mu0</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Elementary charge
 +
|<math>e</math>
 +
|<math>1.6021766208(98) \times 10^{-19} \, \mathrm{C}</math>
 +
|The magnitude of the electric charge on an electron
 +
|Determines the strength of electric and magnetic fields produced by [[proton]]s, [[electron]]s etc.
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?e</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|[[Avogadro's number]]
 +
|<math>N_A</math>
 +
|<math>6.022140857(74) \times 10^{23} \, \mathrm{mol^{-1}}</math>
 +
|The number of constituents in 1 mole of something
 +
|[[Chemistry]], [[statistical mechanics]], [[thermodynamics]]
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?na</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Ideal gas constant
 +
|<math>R</math>
 +
|<math>8.3144598(48) \, \mathrm{J} \, \mathrm{mol^{-1}} \, \mathrm{K^{-1}}</math>
 +
|Relates the [[pressure]], [[volume]], [[temperature]] and number of moles of an [[ideal gas]]
 +
|[[Thermodynamics]]
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?r</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Faraday Constant
 +
|<math>F</math>
 +
|<math>96485 \mathrm{C} \, \mathrm{mol^{-1}}</math>
 +
|The electric charge on one mole of electrons (Avogadro's number times elementary charge)
 +
|[[Chemistry]], [[physics]]
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/echem/echem-stoich/echem-stoich-all.php</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|[[Gravitational constant]]
 +
|<math>G</math>
 +
|<math>6.67408(31) \times 10^{-11} \, \mathrm{N} \, \mathrm{m^2} \, \mathrm{kg^{-2}}</math>
 +
|Constant related to the strength of Newtonian gravity
 +
|Newtonian [[gravity]]
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bg</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Boltzmann constant
 +
|<math>k</math>
 +
|<math>1.38064852(79) \times 10^{-23} \, \mathrm{J} \, \mathrm{K^{-1}}</math>
 +
|[[Thermodynamics]]
 +
|
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?k</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Reduced Planck's constant
 +
|<math>\hbar</math>
 +
|<math>1.054571800(13) \times 10^{-34} \, \mathrm{J} \, \mathrm{s}</math>
 +
|[[Quantum mechanics]]
 +
|It is [[Planck's constant]] divided by <math>2 \pi</math>.
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?hbar</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Wien displacement constant
 +
|<math>b</math>
 +
|<math>2.8977729(17) \times 10^{-3} \, \mathrm{m} \, \mathrm{K}</math>
 +
|Relates the [[temperature]] of a black body to the peak in its spectrum
 +
|
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bwien</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|[[Gravitational constant|Standard acceleration due to gravity]]
 +
|<math>g</math>
 +
|<math>9.80665 \, \mathrm{m} \, \mathrm{s^{-2}}</math>
 +
|This is the [[acceleration]] of any object near to the earth's surface when [[gravity]] is the only force acting (i.e., no air resistance).
 +
|[[Mechanics]]
 +
|Exact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?gn</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Proton mass
 +
|<math>m_p</math>
 +
|<math>1.672621898(21) \times 10^{-27} \, \mathrm{kg}</math>
 +
|[[Rest mass]] of a [[proton]]
 +
|
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mp</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Neutron mass
 +
|<math>m_n</math>
 +
|<math>1.674927471(21) \times 10^{-27} \, \mathrm{kg}</math>
 +
|[[Rest mass]] of a [[neutron]]
 +
|
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mn</ref>
 +
|-
 +
|Electron mass
 +
|<math>m_e</math>
 +
|<math>9.10938356(11) \times 10^{-31} \, \mathrm{kg}</math>
 +
|[[Rest mass]] of an [[electron]]
 +
|
 +
|Inexact<ref>http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?me</ref>
 +
|}
  
−
1.000 calorie = 4.184 Joules
+
==Useful Conversions==
  
−
1 Calorie = 1000 calories
+
===Length===
  
−
760 torr = 1 atm
+
1 metre = 39.37 inches
 +
1 metre = 3.281 feet
 +
1 kilometre = 0.6213 miles
  
−
760 mm Hg = 1 atm
+
1 mile = 5280 feet
 +
1 mile = 1760 yards
  
−
==       ==
+
===Weight===
  
−
Atomic mass unit: 1.00 amu = 1.67 x <math>10^{-27}</math>kg
+
1 kilogram = 35.27 ounce
 +
1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds
  
−
Avagadro's number: 6.02 x <math>10^{23}</math> particles/mole
+
===Pressure===
 +
1 atm = 101.1 kPa
 +
1 atm = 760 torr
 +
1 atm = 760&nbsp;mm Hg
  
−
Planck's constant: 6.23 x <math>10^{-34} \frac{Joules}{Hertz}</math>
+
===Other===
  
−
R = 0.0821 <math>\frac{1 \cdot atm}{mole \cdot K}</math> or 8.314 <math>\frac{dm^3 \cdot kPa}{mole \cdot K}</math>
+
Atomic mass unit: 1.00 amu = 1.67 x 10<sup>−27</sup> kg
  
 +
1.000 calorie = 4.184 Joules
  
 
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): temperature = 273 K and pressure = 1.00 atm
 
Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): temperature = 273 K and pressure = 1.00 atm
  
−
==      ==
+
----
 +
 
 +
Relative [[mass (science)|mass]] and [[charge]] of subatomic particles found in [[atom]]s.
  
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
−
|+ Bond Strengths
+
|+ Atomic particles
 
|-
 
|-
−
!  !! Mass !! Charge
+
!  !! Relative Mass !! Relative Charge
 
|-
 
|-
−
| '''Proton''' || 1.67 x <math>10^-27 </math> kg || +1
+
| '''Proton''' || 1 || +1
 
|-
 
|-
−
| '''Neutron''' || 1.67 x <math>10^-27 </math> kg || 0
+
| '''Neutron''' || 1 || 0
 
|-
 
|-
−
| '''Electron''' || 9.11 x <math>10^-31 </math> kg|| -1
+
| '''Electron''' || 1/1837 || -1
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
==Prefixes==
 +
Prefixes in front of a unit indicate that that unit should be multiplied by a multiple of ten, e.g. Giga is 10<sup>9</sup>, so 1 GPa = 10<sup>9</sup> Pa.
 +
 +
{| class="wikitable"
 +
|-
 +
!Name
 +
!Symbol
 +
!Power
 +
|-
 +
|Pico
 +
|p
 +
|10<sup>−12</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|nano
 +
|n
 +
|10<sup>−9</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|micro
 +
|μ
 +
|10<sup>−6</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|milli
 +
|m
 +
|10<sup>−3</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|centi
 +
|c
 +
|10<sup>−2</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|deci
 +
|d
 +
|10<sup>−1</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|deca
 +
|da
 +
|10<sup>1</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|hecto
 +
|h
 +
|10<sup>2</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|kilo
 +
|k
 +
|10<sup>3</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|mega
 +
|M
 +
|10<sup>6</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|giga
 +
|G
 +
|10<sup>9</sup>
 +
|-
 +
|tera
 +
|T
 +
|10<sup>12</sup>
 +
|}
 +
==References==
 +
{{reflist}}
 +
 +
[[Category:Physics]]
 +
[[Category:Chemistry]]

Latest revision as of 02:00, July 17, 2019

This page lists various constants used in physics and some useful conversions.

Physical constants

The number in brackets represents the uncertainty in the constant, so that <math>6.626070040(81) \times 10^{-34}</math> has an uncertainty of <math>0.00000000081 \times 10^{-34}</math>.

Name Symbol Value Meaning Used in Exact
Planck's constant <math>h</math> <math>6.626070040(81) \times 10^{-34} \, \mathrm{J} \, \mathrm{s}</math> It relates the frequency of a photon to its energy Quantum mechanics Inexact[1]
Speed of light <math>c</math> <math>299,792,458 \, \mathrm{m} \, \mathrm{s^{-1}}</math> This is the speed of light in a vacuum Most of physics, such as optics and relativity Exact[2]
Permittivity of free space <math>\epsilon_0</math> <math>8.854187817... \times 10^{-12} \, \mathrm{F} \, \mathrm{m^{-1}}</math> Related to the strength of an electric field produced by a charge Electromagnetism Exact[3]
Permeability of free space <math>\mu_0</math> <math>4 \pi \times 10^{-7} \, \mathrm{H} \, \mathrm{m^{-1}}</math> Related to the strength of magnetic fields produced by a current Electromagnetism Exact[4]
Elementary charge <math>e</math> <math>1.6021766208(98) \times 10^{-19} \, \mathrm{C}</math> The magnitude of the electric charge on an electron Determines the strength of electric and magnetic fields produced by protons, electrons etc. Inexact[5]
Avogadro's number <math>N_A</math> <math>6.022140857(74) \times 10^{23} \, \mathrm{mol^{-1}}</math> The number of constituents in 1 mole of something Chemistry, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics Inexact[6]
Ideal gas constant <math>R</math> <math>8.3144598(48) \, \mathrm{J} \, \mathrm{mol^{-1}} \, \mathrm{K^{-1}}</math> Relates the pressure, volume, temperature and number of moles of an ideal gas Thermodynamics Inexact[7]
Faraday Constant <math>F</math> <math>96485 \mathrm{C} \, \mathrm{mol^{-1}}</math> The electric charge on one mole of electrons (Avogadro's number times elementary charge) Chemistry, physics Inexact[8]
Gravitational constant <math>G</math> <math>6.67408(31) \times 10^{-11} \, \mathrm{N} \, \mathrm{m^2} \, \mathrm{kg^{-2}}</math> Constant related to the strength of Newtonian gravity Newtonian gravity Inexact[9]
Boltzmann constant <math>k</math> <math>1.38064852(79) \times 10^{-23} \, \mathrm{J} \, \mathrm{K^{-1}}</math> Thermodynamics Inexact[10]
Reduced Planck's constant <math>\hbar</math> <math>1.054571800(13) \times 10^{-34} \, \mathrm{J} \, \mathrm{s}</math> Quantum mechanics It is Planck's constant divided by <math>2 \pi</math>. Inexact[11]
Wien displacement constant <math>b</math> <math>2.8977729(17) \times 10^{-3} \, \mathrm{m} \, \mathrm{K}</math> Relates the temperature of a black body to the peak in its spectrum Inexact[12]
Standard acceleration due to gravity <math>g</math> <math>9.80665 \, \mathrm{m} \, \mathrm{s^{-2}}</math> This is the acceleration of any object near to the earth's surface when gravity is the only force acting (i.e., no air resistance). Mechanics Exact[13]
Proton mass <math>m_p</math> <math>1.672621898(21) \times 10^{-27} \, \mathrm{kg}</math> Rest mass of a proton Inexact[14]
Neutron mass <math>m_n</math> <math>1.674927471(21) \times 10^{-27} \, \mathrm{kg}</math> Rest mass of a neutron Inexact[15]
Electron mass <math>m_e</math> <math>9.10938356(11) \times 10^{-31} \, \mathrm{kg}</math> Rest mass of an electron Inexact[16]

Useful Conversions

Length

1 metre = 39.37 inches 1 metre = 3.281 feet 1 kilometre = 0.6213 miles

1 mile = 5280 feet 1 mile = 1760 yards

Weight

1 kilogram = 35.27 ounce 1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds

Pressure

1 atm = 101.1 kPa 1 atm = 760 torr 1 atm = 760 mm Hg

Other

Atomic mass unit: 1.00 amu = 1.67 x 10−27 kg

1.000 calorie = 4.184 Joules

Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP): temperature = 273 K and pressure = 1.00 atm

Relative mass and charge of subatomic particles found in atoms.

Atomic particles
Relative Mass Relative Charge
Proton 1 +1
Neutron 1 0
Electron 1/1837 -1

Prefixes

Prefixes in front of a unit indicate that that unit should be multiplied by a multiple of ten, e.g. Giga is 109, so 1 GPa = 109 Pa.

Name Symbol Power
Pico p 10−12
nano n 10−9
micro μ 10−6
milli m 10−3
centi c 10−2
deci d 10−1
deca da 101
hecto h 102
kilo k 103
mega M 106
giga G 109
tera T 1012

References

  1. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?h
  2. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?c
  3. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?ep0
  4. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mu0
  5. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?e
  6. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?na
  7. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?r
  8. ↑ http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/echem/echem-stoich/echem-stoich-all.php
  9. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bg
  10. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?k
  11. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?hbar
  12. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?bwien
  13. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?gn
  14. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mp
  15. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?mn
  16. ↑ http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/cuu/Value?me
Retrieved from "https://www.conservapedia.com/index.php?title=Constants&oldid=1540712"