Difference between revisions of "Insecticide"

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An '''insecticide''' is a [[chemical]] used in insect control, agriculture, and medicine. Relatively few deaths have occurred among workers handling poisonous agricultural products or insecticides. Those that have occurred can be traced to disregard of safety directions found on product labels. There are many types of insecticides on the market today.
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An '''insecticide''' is a [[chemical]] used in insect control, agriculture, and medicine. Relatively few deaths have occurred among workers handling poisonous agricultural products or insecticides.{{fact}} Those that have occurred can be traced to disregard of safety directions found on product labels.{{fact}} There are many types of insecticides on the market today.
  
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==Types of Incesticides==
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==Safety==
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* ''Organic Phosphate Insecticides''
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Early symptoms and signs of organic phosphate poisoning include headache, dizziness, blurred vision, weakness, chest discomfort and nervousness, a little later - nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, sweating, tears, salivation, slow pulse, muscular tremors and possibly convulsions. This group of insecticides enters the body through ingestion (swallowing), inhalation (breathing), and absorption (through the skin). Symptoms and signs of carbamate poisoning include constriction of pupils, salivation, profuse sweating, fatigue, muscular incoordination, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest tightness. This group of insecticides can enter the body through ingestion (swallowing), inhalation (breathing), and absorption (through the skin). One of the most common signs of synthetic pyrethroid poisoning is a stuffy, runny nose and scratchy throat from inhalation of partly purified pyrethrum extract. Asthmatic wheezing may occur in susceptible individuals. Sudden bronchospasm, swelling of oral and laryngeal mucous membranes, and shock (anaphylaxis) have been reported after pyrethrum inhalation. Delayed appearance of breathing difficulty, cough and fever, with patchy lung infiltrates on x-ray suggest hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Nervous irritability, tremors, and inability to coordinate muscular movements have occurred rarely in persons who have had massive inhalation exposure to pyrethrins.
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::The organic phosphate group of insecticides includes materials such as: methyl parathion, malathion, naled (Dibrom), azinphosmethyl (Guthion), dimethoate (Cygon), diazinon, ethion, acephate (Orthene), methamidophos (Monitor), oxydemeton-methyl (Meta-Systox-R), disulfoton (Di-Syston), fonofos (Dyfonate), phorate (Thimet), phosmet (Imidan) and chlorpyrifos (Lorsban). Some of these compounds are highly toxic while others are relatively safe. All of them, however, can be used safely if you follow the precautions on the label.
 
  
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* ''Carbamate Insecticides''
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==Insecticides in Agriculture==
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::The carbamate insecticides include carbaryl (Sevin), propoxur (Baygon), methomyl (Lannate), carbofuran (Furadan), thiodicarb (Larvin), oxamyl (Vydate) and aldicarb (Temik). Some of these compounds are highly toxic while others are relatively safe. However, use only those recommended for the job and pay particular close attention to applying these types of insecticide in windy areas.
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Insecticides have been used since the inception of the [[Green Revolution]] in agriculture. Years of research and testing have resulted in a number of safe agricultural practices. Farmers should remember to destroy their crop remains following last harvest as well as to control weed hosts in unused fields, along field edges, and in the production fields. It is a good practice to rotate vegetable crops with cover crops or other crops that are not susceptible to the same pests. Fallowing and clean cultivation reduces many pests in fields not being used. Flooding with water where mosquitoes are not an issue may be done for 6 to 8 weeks once a year and can reduce many pests. These measures might be considered where sod or crop growth is not needed to reduce plant bed erosion and sand blasting.
  
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* ''Synthetic Pyrethroids''
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==DDT==
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::The synthetic pyrethroid group includes esfenvalerate (Asana), permethrin (Ambush, Pounce), cypermethrin (Ammo), zeta-cypermethrin (Mustang), and cyhalothrin (Karate, Warrior).
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[[DDT]] is a proven anti-[[mosquito]] agent, able to eradicate [[malaria]]. It was heavily used in America and elsewhere throughout the world. It's overuse was criticized by [[Rachel Carson]] in her book ''[[Silent Spring]]'' which led to [[environmentalist]]s calling for an outright ban.  As a result, millions of people (some estimate over 300 million) have died as a result of US environmental prohibitions on DDT.<ref>http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidinthenews/articles/nr_051401.html</ref> Former head of the World Bank, prominent [[neo-conservative]] [[Paul Wolfowitz]], has embraced the life-saving use of DDT.<ref>http://www.fightingmalaria.org</ref>
  
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* ''Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides''
 
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::Chlorinated hydrocarbon type insecticides include Lindane, 1,3-D (Telone), methyl bromide (Brom-O-Gas, Dowfume MC-2, MC-33, Terr-O-Gas 67), chloropicrin (Chlor-O-Pic, Picfume), and Thiodan. These are generally less hazardous from an acute standpoint than many of the phosphates and carbamates. However some are highly toxic and label precautions should be carefully read before using these compounds.
 
  
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==Safety==
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==See also==
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The key to safe handling is understanding of insecticides is the diligent practice of safe working habits. Accidents with pesticides can be prevented. Some of the major causes are: (1) leaving the material within reach of irresponsible persons; (2) failure to read and follow the use precautions on the label; and (3) carelessness in the disposal of empty containers.
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* [[Pesticide]] - Insecticide - [[Herbicide]]
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* [[List of gardening topics]]
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* [[Permaculture]] - Permanent agriculture
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* [[Organic]] [[gardening]]
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* [[Soil fertility]]
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==References==
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<references/>
  
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Early symptoms and signs of organic phosphate poisoning include headache, dizziness, blurred vision, weakness, chest discomfort and nervousness, a little later - nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, sweating, tears, salivation, slow pulse, muscular tremors and possibly convulsions. This group of insecticides enters the body through ingestion (swallowing), inhalation (breathing), and absorption (through the skin). Symptoms and signs of carbamate poisoning include constriction of pupils, salivation, profuse sweating, fatigue, muscular incoordination, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest tightness. This group of insecticides can enter the body through ingestion (swallowing), inhalation (breathing), and absorption (through the skin). One of the most common signs of synthetic pyrethroid poisoning is a stuffy, runny nose and scratchy throat from inhalation of partly purified pyrethrum extract. Asthmatic wheezing may occur in susceptible individuals. Sudden bronchospasm, swelling of oral and laryngeal mucous membranes, and shock (anaphylaxis) have been reported after pyrethrum inhalation. Delayed appearance of breathing difficulty, cough and fever, with patchy lung infiltrates on x-ray suggest hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Nervous irritability, tremors, and inability to coordinate muscular movements have occurred rarely in persons who have had massive inhalation exposure to pyrethrins.
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==External links==
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* [http://npic.orst.edu National Pesticide Information Center (NPIC)] Information about pesticide-related topics.
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* [http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ United States Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticides Program]
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* [[NIH]] encyclopedia with [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002430.htm emergency treatment of Insecticide exposure]
  
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==Incesticides in Agriculture==
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[[Category:Botany]]
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Incesticides have been used since the inception of the [[Green Revolution]] in agriculture. Years of research and testing have resulted in a number of safe agricultural practices. Farmers should remember to destroy their crop remains following last harvest as well as to control weed hosts in unused fields, along field edges, and in the production fields. It is a good practice to rotate vegetable crops with cover crops or other crops that are not susceptible to the same pests. Fallowing and clean cultivation reduces many pests in fields not being used. Flooding with water where mosquitoes are not an issue may be done for 6 to 8 weeks once a year and can reduce many pests. These measures might be considered where sod or crop growth is not needed to reduce plant bed erosion and sand blasting.
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[[Category:Agriculture]]
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[[Category:Farmers]]
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[[Category:Sustainable Agriculture]]
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[[Category:Permaculture]]
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[[Category:Plants]]
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[[Category:Soil]]

Latest revision as of 03:15, June 24, 2016

An insecticide is a chemical used in insect control, agriculture, and medicine. Relatively few deaths have occurred among workers handling poisonous agricultural products or insecticides.[Citation Needed] Those that have occurred can be traced to disregard of safety directions found on product labels.[Citation Needed] There are many types of insecticides on the market today.

Safety

Early symptoms and signs of organic phosphate poisoning include headache, dizziness, blurred vision, weakness, chest discomfort and nervousness, a little later - nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, sweating, tears, salivation, slow pulse, muscular tremors and possibly convulsions. This group of insecticides enters the body through ingestion (swallowing), inhalation (breathing), and absorption (through the skin). Symptoms and signs of carbamate poisoning include constriction of pupils, salivation, profuse sweating, fatigue, muscular incoordination, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and chest tightness. This group of insecticides can enter the body through ingestion (swallowing), inhalation (breathing), and absorption (through the skin). One of the most common signs of synthetic pyrethroid poisoning is a stuffy, runny nose and scratchy throat from inhalation of partly purified pyrethrum extract. Asthmatic wheezing may occur in susceptible individuals. Sudden bronchospasm, swelling of oral and laryngeal mucous membranes, and shock (anaphylaxis) have been reported after pyrethrum inhalation. Delayed appearance of breathing difficulty, cough and fever, with patchy lung infiltrates on x-ray suggest hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Nervous irritability, tremors, and inability to coordinate muscular movements have occurred rarely in persons who have had massive inhalation exposure to pyrethrins.

Insecticides in Agriculture

Insecticides have been used since the inception of the Green Revolution in agriculture. Years of research and testing have resulted in a number of safe agricultural practices. Farmers should remember to destroy their crop remains following last harvest as well as to control weed hosts in unused fields, along field edges, and in the production fields. It is a good practice to rotate vegetable crops with cover crops or other crops that are not susceptible to the same pests. Fallowing and clean cultivation reduces many pests in fields not being used. Flooding with water where mosquitoes are not an issue may be done for 6 to 8 weeks once a year and can reduce many pests. These measures might be considered where sod or crop growth is not needed to reduce plant bed erosion and sand blasting.

DDT

DDT is a proven anti-mosquito agent, able to eradicate malaria. It was heavily used in America and elsewhere throughout the world. It's overuse was criticized by Rachel Carson in her book Silent Spring which led to environmentalists calling for an outright ban. As a result, millions of people (some estimate over 300 million) have died as a result of US environmental prohibitions on DDT.[1] Former head of the World Bank, prominent neo-conservative Paul Wolfowitz, has embraced the life-saving use of DDT.[2]


See also

References

  1. ↑ http://www.cid.harvard.edu/cidinthenews/articles/nr_051401.html
  2. ↑ http://www.fightingmalaria.org

External links

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