Difference between revisions of "Germanium"
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| − | {{Element | name=Germanium | symbol=Ge | anumber=32 | amass= | | + | {{Element |
| + | | name=Germanium | ||
| + | | symbol=Ge | ||
| + | | class=Group IVA, Carbon family | ||
| + | | anumber=32 | ||
| + | | amass= 72.59 | ||
| + | | stableisotopes=70, 72, 73, 74, 76 | ||
| + | | unstableisotopes=66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 75, 77, 78 | ||
| + | | meltingpoint=937.4 (1,720.85 °F) | ||
| + | | boilingpoint=2,830 (5,131 °F) | ||
| + | | density=5.323 | ||
| + | | hardness=6.25 | ||
| + | | abundance=0.0007 | ||
| + | | oxidation=+2, +4 | ||
| + | | date= 1886 | ||
| + | | discname= Clemens Winkler | ||
| + | | origname= From the Latin word ''Germania'', Germany | ||
| + | | uses= Semiconductors | ||
| + | | obtained=Refining of copper, zinc, lead | ||
| + | }} | ||
| + | '''Germanium''' ''(jer-MAY-ni-em)'' is a brittle, silvery-white semi-metal (metalloid).<ref>http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/32/germanium</ref> | ||
| + | ==History== | ||
| + | Germanium was first proposed to exist by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1871. He had recently created a Periodic Table of Elements, and identified gaps which where unknown elements. Germanium was officially discovered in 1886 by Clemens Winkler, a German chemist. He found it in the mineral [[argyrodite]] (Ag8GeS6). | ||
| + | {{Periodic table}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Uses== | ||
| + | Germanium is primarily used as a semiconductor. With [[arsenic]], [[gallium]], [[indium]], [[antimony]] or [[phosphorus]], it is used to make transistors. Another major use for Germanium is lenses. It is used in the manufacture of wide-angle camera lenses and objective [[lenses]] for [[microscopes]].<ref>http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/32/germanium</ref> It is also used to create alloys and as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps.<ref>http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele032.html</ref> Additionally, adding 1% germanium to [[silver]] prevents tarnishing.<ref>http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/32/germanium</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==References== | ||
| + | <references /> | ||
| − | + | ==External links== | |
| − | + | *http://chemistry.about.com/od/elementfacts/a/germanium.htm | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 16:00, August 25, 2019
Germanium (jer-MAY-ni-em) is a brittle, silvery-white semi-metal (metalloid).[1]
| Germanium | |
|---|---|
| Properties | |
| Atomic symbol | Ge |
| Atomic number | 32 |
| Classification | Group IVA, Carbon family |
| Atomic mass | 72.59 |
| Number of Stable Isotopes | 70, 72, 73, 74, 76 |
| Number of Unstable Isotopes | 66, 67, 68, 69, 71, 75, 77, 78 |
| Melting point (°C) | 937.4 (1,720.85 °F) |
| Boiling point (°C) | 2,830 (5,131 °F) |
| Density (grams per cc) | 5.323 |
| Hardness (Moh's scale) | 6.25 |
| Abundance in lithosphere (%) | 0.0007 |
| Oxidation states | +2, +4 |
| Other Information | |
| Date of discovery | 1886 |
| Name of discoverer | Clemens Winkler |
| Name origin | From the Latin word Germania, Germany |
| Uses | Semiconductors |
| Obtained from | Refining of copper, zinc, lead |
History
Germanium was first proposed to exist by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1871. He had recently created a Periodic Table of Elements, and identified gaps which where unknown elements. Germanium was officially discovered in 1886 by Clemens Winkler, a German chemist. He found it in the mineral argyrodite (Ag8GeS6).
Uses
Germanium is primarily used as a semiconductor. With arsenic, gallium, indium, antimony or phosphorus, it is used to make transistors. Another major use for Germanium is lenses. It is used in the manufacture of wide-angle camera lenses and objective lenses for microscopes.[2] It is also used to create alloys and as a phosphor in fluorescent lamps.[3] Additionally, adding 1% germanium to silver prevents tarnishing.[4]