Changes

''Commentary'' was the successor to the ''Contemporary Jewish Record.'' When the ''Record'''s editor died in 1944, its publisher, the American Jewish Committee (AJC) consulted with New York intellectuals including [[Daniel Bell]] and literary critic [[Lionel Trilling]]. They recommended the AJC hire Elliot Cohen (1899-1959) to start a new journal. He had been an editor of a Jewish cultural magazine and was now a fundraiser.  

''Commentary'' was the successor to the ''Contemporary Jewish Record.'' When the ''Record'''s editor died in 1944, its publisher, the American Jewish Committee (AJC) consulted with New York intellectuals including [[Daniel Bell]] and literary critic [[Lionel Trilling]]. They recommended the AJC hire Elliot Cohen (1899-1959) to start a new journal. He had been an editor of a Jewish cultural magazine and was now a fundraiser.  

''Commentary'' had the mission being a nonpartisan journal focusing on Jewish affairs and other contemporary issues--a sort of Jewish ''Harper's,'' only more scholarly. Cohen designed the new magazine to reconnect assimilated Jews and Jewish intellectuals with the broader, more traditional and very liberal Jewish community. At the same time ''Commentary'' would bring the ideas of the young Jewish intellectuals to a wider audience. It demonstrated that Jewish intellectuals, and by extension all American Jews, had turned away from their past political radicalism to embrace mainstream American culture and values.  

''Commentary'' had the mission being a nonpartisan journal focusing on Jewish affairs and other contemporary issues—a sort of Jewish ''Harper's,'' only more scholarly. Cohen designed the new magazine to reconnect assimilated Jews and Jewish intellectuals with the broader, more traditional and very liberal Jewish community. At the same time ''Commentary'' would bring the ideas of the young Jewish intellectuals to a wider audience. It demonstrated that Jewish intellectuals, and by extension all American Jews, had turned away from their past political radicalism to embrace mainstream American culture and values.  

Cohen stated his grand design in the first issue:

Cohen stated his grand design in the first issue:

Cohen brought on board strong editors who themselves wrote important essays, including Irving Kristol; art critic Clement Greenberg; film and cultural critic Robert Warshow; and sociologist [[Nathan Glazer]]. ''Commentary'' paid well and published such rising stars as [[Hannah Arendt]], Daniel Bell, [[Sidney Hook]], and [[Irving Howe]].

Cohen brought on board strong editors who themselves wrote important essays, including Irving Kristol; art critic Clement Greenberg; film and cultural critic Robert Warshow; and sociologist [[Nathan Glazer]]. ''Commentary'' paid well and published such rising stars as [[Hannah Arendt]], Daniel Bell, [[Sidney Hook]], and [[Irving Howe]].

Although many or even most of the editors and writers had been socialists, Trotskyites or Stalinists in the past, that was no longer tolerated.  ''Commentary'' articles were anti-Communist--but also anti-McCarthyite; it identified and attacked any perceived weakness among liberals on cold war issues, giving full backing to President [[Harry Truman]]'s new [[Cold War]] policies such as the [[Truman Doctrine]], the [[Marshall Plan]], and [[NATO]]. The soft-on-Communism position of the [[CIO]] and [[Henry Wallace]] came under steady attack.

Although many or even most of the editors and writers had been socialists, Trotskyites or Stalinists in the past, that was no longer tolerated.  ''Commentary'' articles were anti-Communist—but also anti-McCarthyite; it identified and attacked any perceived weakness among liberals on cold war issues, giving full backing to President [[Harry Truman]]'s new [[Cold War]] policies such as the [[Truman Doctrine]], the [[Marshall Plan]], and [[NATO]]. The soft-on-Communism position of the [[CIO]] and [[Henry Wallace]] came under steady attack.

Liberals who vehemently hated [[Joe McCarthy]] were annoyed when Irving Kristol wrote at the height of the controversy,

Liberals who vehemently hated [[Joe McCarthy]] were annoyed when Irving Kristol wrote at the height of the controversy,

In the late 1950s the magazine sagged, as Cohen suffered from mental illness. After he committed suicide Norman Podhoretz (b. 1930) took over in 1960, running the magazine with an iron hand until his retirement in 1995.  Podhoretz, a brilliant pugnacious, and combative editor, was a protégé of [[Lionel Trilling]]. He reduced the space given to Jewish issues and, most importantly, moved ''Commentary'''s ideology sharply left. Circulation soared to 60,000 as the magazine became a mainstay of the Washington liberal elite in the heyday of Presidents [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].   

In the late 1950s the magazine sagged, as Cohen suffered from mental illness. After he committed suicide Norman Podhoretz (b. 1930) took over in 1960, running the magazine with an iron hand until his retirement in 1995.  Podhoretz, a brilliant pugnacious, and combative editor, was a protégé of [[Lionel Trilling]]. He reduced the space given to Jewish issues and, most importantly, moved ''Commentary'''s ideology sharply left. Circulation soared to 60,000 as the magazine became a mainstay of the Washington liberal elite in the heyday of Presidents [[John F. Kennedy]] and [[Lyndon B. Johnson]].   

==Moving right==

==Moving right==

The emergence of the New Left--which was bitterly hostile to Johnson, to capitalism and to universities--angered Podhoretz by its shallowness and, especially, by its hostility to Israel in the 1967 war.  Articles attacked the New Left on questions ranging from crime, the nature of art, drugs, poverty, and the new egalitarianism. ''Commentary'' sounded the tocsin: the New Left was a dangerous anti-American, anti-liberal, and anti-Semitic force.  The shift helped define the emerging [[neoconservative]] movement and space to disillusioned liberals.   

The emergence of the New Left—which was bitterly hostile to Johnson, to capitalism and to universities—angered Podhoretz by its shallowness and, especially, by its hostility to Israel in the 1967 war.  Articles attacked the New Left on questions ranging from crime, the nature of art, drugs, poverty, and the new egalitarianism. ''Commentary'' sounded the tocsin: the New Left was a dangerous anti-American, anti-liberal, and anti-Semitic force.  The shift helped define the emerging [[neoconservative]] movement and space to disillusioned liberals.   

As the readership base shifted to the right, ''Commentary'' filled a vacuum for conservative intellectuals, who otherwise were dependent on William Buckley's ''National Review.''  In March 1975, [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]]'s article "The United States in Opposition," urged America to vigorously defend liberal democratic principles when they were attacked by Soviet-bloc and Third World dictatorships at the United Nations. Soon President [[Gerald Ford]] appointed Moynihan as ambassador to the United Nations, where his outspoken advocacy of American values led to election to the Senate in 1976. Political scientist Jeane Kirkpatrick's November 1979 denunciation of the foreign policy of President [[Jimmy Carter]], "Dictatorships and Double Standards," impressed [[Ronald Reagan]], who defeated Carter in 1980. In 1981 he appointed her to the United Nations ambassadorship and ''Commentary'' reached the apogee of its influence.

As the readership base shifted to the right, ''Commentary'' filled a vacuum for conservative intellectuals, who otherwise were dependent on William Buckley's ''National Review.''  In March 1975, [[Daniel Patrick Moynihan]]'s article "The United States in Opposition," urged America to vigorously defend liberal democratic principles when they were attacked by Soviet-bloc and Third World dictatorships at the United Nations. Soon President [[Gerald Ford]] appointed Moynihan as ambassador to the United Nations, where his outspoken advocacy of American values led to election to the Senate in 1976. Political scientist Jeane Kirkpatrick's November 1979 denunciation of the foreign policy of President [[Jimmy Carter]], "Dictatorships and Double Standards," impressed [[Ronald Reagan]], who defeated Carter in 1980. In 1981 he appointed her to the United Nations ambassadorship and ''Commentary'' reached the apogee of its influence.

:Online Manager, Davi Bernstein

:Online Manager, Davi Bernstein

==See Also==

==See also==

:[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/ ''Commentary'' online]

:[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/ ''Commentary'' online]

:[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/contentions/ Contentions], ''Commentary'' blog.

:[http://www.commentarymagazine.com/contentions/ Contentions], ''Commentary'' blog.

* Podhoretz, Norman. ''Breaking Ranks'' (1979), memoir

* Podhoretz, Norman. ''Breaking Ranks'' (1979), memoir

[[category:Conservatives]]

[[Category:Conservatives]]

[[category:Neoconservative]]

[[Category:Neoconservative]]

[[Category:Conservative Magazines]]

[[Category:Conservative Magazines]]

[[Category:Religion and Politics]]

[[Category:Religion and Politics]]

[[category:Judaism]]

[[Category:Judaism]]