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Clinton administration (view source)

Revision as of 21:32, March 7, 2013

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Focus groups
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==Clinton voter Coalition==
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[[File:Clinton1.jpg|alt=Bill Clinton|thumb|right|330px|1994 cartoon by Tom Toles shows Clinton was all things to all people]]
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===Focus groups and opinion polling===
 +
Needham (2005) argues the "permanent campaign" is said to have reached its apogee in the incumbent communications strategies of Clinton and British Prime Minister [[Tony Blair]]. However, their assiduous courting of public opinion while in office has been used to explain both the high approval ratings of these leaders and their unpopularity for long periods of their incumbency. This apparent paradox suggests that the permanent campaign model is too blunt an instrument to usefully describe or evaluate incumbent communications. Its assumption of continuity between election campaigning and office-holding fails to explain how the strategic terrain changes once a challenger takes office. The concepts of branding and relationship marketing can be used to highlight the difference between gaining support in the one-off transaction of an election and retaining voter loyalty in a post-"purchase" setting. The success of Blair and Clinton in establishing a relationship with voters from within office can be assessed using six attributes of successful brands: simplicity, uniqueness, reassurance, aspiration, values, and credibility. As incumbents, facing challenges in shifting strategic and institutional environments, Blair and Clinton developed messages that were simple and appealed to voter aspirations. Voters remained skeptical about the extent to which these leaders embodied values and delivered on their promises.
 +
 +
Suspicions often arose during Clinton's tenure about the timing of [[cruise missile]] attacks to manipulate public sympathy at crucial points when his approval ratings sagged.  On several occasions <ref>[http://article.nationalreview.com/print/?q=NzhjODk1ODg4M2NiODU4Yzc3YWE1OTA1MDNmYWQ5M2Y= The Facts About Clinton and Terrorism], Byron York, ''National Review Online'', September 11, 2006. </ref> generally when the approval ratings dipped to 47%, surprise cruise missile attacks<ref>[http://www.fas.org/news/iraq/1998/12/21/wwwh8d21.html Airstrikes Against Iraq: 'What Happens Now?'], U.S. Information Agency ''Daily Digest'', December 21, 1998.</ref> were launched which resulted in a 10 point gain in the public opinion polls.  Nick Gillespie of ''Reason'' remarked,
 +
{{Cquote|Consider, for instance, the relative lack of scrutiny accorded the August 20 cruise missile attacks on Afghanistan and [[Sudan]] … immediately after the bombing, polls showed that close to half of all Americans thought the missile strikes were meant to divert attention from the president's sex life… the Sudanese bombing suggests something else as well: If and when the public's and the media's attention shifts from the president's sex life to wider-ranging inquiries about how he makes deadly serious policy decisions…"<ref>[http://www.reason.com/news/show/30827.html Bombs Away - Troubling questions about the U.S. attack on Sudan], ''Reason'', December 1998.</ref>}}
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 +
==== Voter demographics ====
 +
{| class=wikitable
 +
! colspan="8" |The Presidential Vote in Social Groups (percentages)
 +
|-
 +
! rowspan="3" | ''% of<br />1996<br />total<br />vote''
 +
|
 +
| colspan="6" |''% of 3-party vote''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| colspan="3" |''1992''
 +
| colspan="3" |''1996''
 +
|-
 +
! ''Social group''
 +
! ''Clinton''
 +
! ''Bush''
 +
! ''Perot''
 +
! ''Clinton''
 +
! ''Dole''
 +
! ''Perot''
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| Total vote
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 43
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 38
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 19
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 49
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 8
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| '''Party and ideology'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 2
 +
| Liberal Republicans
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 17
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 54
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 44
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 13
 +
| Moderate Republicans
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 63
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 72
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| Conservative Republicans
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 82
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 13
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 88
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 4
 +
| Liberal Independents
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 54
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 17
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 58
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 18
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
 +
| Moderate Independents
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 43
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 28
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 50
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 17
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
 +
| Conservative Independents
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 17
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 53
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 19
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 60
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 19
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 13
 +
| Liberal Democrats
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 85
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 11
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 89
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 4
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
 +
| Moderate Democrats
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 76
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 84
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
 +
| Conservative Democrats
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 61
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 23
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 69
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 23
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| '''Gender and marital status'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 33
 +
| Married men
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 38
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 42
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 40
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 33
 +
| Married women
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 40
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 19
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 43
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
 +
| Unmarried men
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 29
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 22
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 49
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 35
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 12
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
 +
| Unmarried women
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 53
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 31
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 62
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 28
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| '''Race'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 83
 +
| White
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 40
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 43
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 46
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
 +
| Black
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 83
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 84
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 12
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 4
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
 +
| Hispanic
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 61
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 25
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 14
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 72
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 1
 +
| Asian
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 31
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 55
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 43
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 8
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| '''Religion'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 46
 +
| White Protestant
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 33
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 47
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 36
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 53
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 29
 +
| Catholic
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 44
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 35
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 53
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 37
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 3
 +
| Jewish
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 80
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 11
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 78
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 3
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 17
 +
| Born Again, religious right
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 23
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 61
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 15
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 26
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 65
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 8
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| '''Age'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 17
 +
| 18–29 years old
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 43
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 34
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 22
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 53
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 34
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 33
 +
| 30–44 years old
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 38
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 26
 +
| 45–59 years old
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 40
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 19
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 24
 +
| 60 and older
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 50
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 38
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 12
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 44
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| '''Education'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
 +
| Not a high school graduate
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 54
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 28
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 18
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 59
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 28
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 11
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 24
 +
| High school graduate
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 43
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 36
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 51
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 35
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 13
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 27
 +
| Some college education
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 37
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 40
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 26
 +
| College graduate
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 44
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 46
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 8
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 17
 +
| Post graduate education
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 50
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 36
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 14
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 52
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 40
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 5
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| '''Family income'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 11
 +
| Under $15,000
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 58
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 23
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 19
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 59
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 28
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 11
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 23
 +
| $15,000–$29,999
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 45
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 35
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 53
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 36
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 27
 +
| $30,000–$49,999
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 38
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 40
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
 +
| Over $50,000
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 44
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 17
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 44
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 18
 +
| Over $75,000
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 36
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 51
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
 +
| Over $100,000
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | —
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | —
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | —
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 38
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 54
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| '''Region'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 23
 +
| East
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 47
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 35
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 18
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 55
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 34
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 9
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 26
 +
| Midwest
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 42
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 37
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
 +
| South
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 43
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 46
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 46
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 7
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
 +
| West
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 43
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 34
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 23
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 48
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 40
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 8
 +
|-
 +
|
 +
| '''Community size'''
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
 +
| Population over 500,000
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 58
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 28
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 13
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 68
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 25
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 6
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| Population 50,000 to 500,000
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 50
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 33
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 16
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 50
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 8
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
 +
| Suburbs
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 41
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 21
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 47
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 42
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 8
 +
|-
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 30
 +
| Rural areas, towns
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 39
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 40
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 20
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 45
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 44
 +
| style="text-align:right;" | 10
 +
|}
 +
'''Source:''' Voter News Service exit poll, reported in ''The New York Times'', November 10, 1996, p. 28.
 +
 +
 
=== Foreign Policy ===
 
=== Foreign Policy ===
 
Critics of Clinton argued that he lacked a knowledge of [[world]] affairs. In his 1992 speech at the Democrat National Convention, he devoted one minute to foreign policy issues in an oration that lasted an hour. <ref>The Presidents by David Maraniss, Pg. 626</ref> Clinton entered office after the U.S. won the [[Cold War]], and the U.S. was the only superpower. There were no major foreign crisis during his presidency. His foreign policy was based on five principles: 1) strong alliances with Europe and Asia, 2) positive relations with former adversaries, 3) a global perspective on local conflicts, 4) the adaptation of national security priorities to incorporate technological advances, and 5) effective economic integration.<ref>Samuel R. Berger, "A Foreign Policy for the Global Age," ''Foreign Affairs'' 2000 79(6): 22-39. 0015-7120  </ref>  
 
Critics of Clinton argued that he lacked a knowledge of [[world]] affairs. In his 1992 speech at the Democrat National Convention, he devoted one minute to foreign policy issues in an oration that lasted an hour. <ref>The Presidents by David Maraniss, Pg. 626</ref> Clinton entered office after the U.S. won the [[Cold War]], and the U.S. was the only superpower. There were no major foreign crisis during his presidency. His foreign policy was based on five principles: 1) strong alliances with Europe and Asia, 2) positive relations with former adversaries, 3) a global perspective on local conflicts, 4) the adaptation of national security priorities to incorporate technological advances, and 5) effective economic integration.<ref>Samuel R. Berger, "A Foreign Policy for the Global Age," ''Foreign Affairs'' 2000 79(6): 22-39. 0015-7120  </ref>  
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====Africa====
 
====Africa====
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In Africa, Clinton expressed the exasperation of he American public after decades of single-party rule involving massive misuse and pillage of the continent's resources by local dictators. Clinton called for an end to protected European economic and commercial zones and for open competition on terms that would gradually eliminate African dependency. The Americans, in an effort to promote both democracy and prosperity, urged the African political class to create regimes in their states responsible to the people, to accept participation by opposition parties, and to install rigorous accounting and management procedures. Congress and public opinion supported the new initiatives, which involved much less public assistance to Africa and a great deal more private investment and mutually profitable trade. Essentially, American policy challenged African leaders to undertake reforms that would make them artisans of their own futures.
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In Africa, Clinton expressed the exasperation of he American public after decades of single-party rule involving massive misuse and pillage of the continent's resources by local dictators. Clinton called for an end to protected European economic and commercial zones and for open competi
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==== Al-Qaeda terrorism ====
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The Arab terrorist group [[al-Qaeda]] conducted a World Trade Center bombing in 1993, simultaneous bombings of the US embassies in [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]] in 1998, and the attack on the [[USS Cole]] in 2000.  Clinton bombed al-Qaeda bases in Afghanistan in response, but meanwhile 19 terrorists were plotting an even more ghastly attack on America which took place on September 11, 2001, eight months after Clinton left office.
 
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