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Hutton, Holmes, Einstein
== Antipathy to the idea of beginning ==
== Antipathy to the idea of beginning ==
''See Also:'' [[Horror of a Divine Foot]]<br/>
[[John Lennox|J.C. Lennox]] points out that the supporters of various schools of [[materialism]] violate the scientific [[Socratic principle]] by letting their worldview to play a role in their antipathy to the idea of beginning. Among them are [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]] (cf. ''"Did the God created the world, or has the world been in existence eternally?"''), [[Stephen Hawking]] (cf.''"the idea that the time has beginning...smacks of divine intervention"'') and Sir John Maddox, a former editor of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' (cf. ''"ultimite origin of our world [gave creationists] ample justification [for their beliefs]"'').<ref name="LENNOX"/> To many the notion of the beginning of the universe was loaded with overtones of a supernatural event -the creation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Darwin's Black Box |author=Michael J. Behe |publisher=Free Press |location= New York, London |year=1996, 2006 |pages=244 |isbn=978-0743-290319 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4IKhPwAACAAJ&dq=behe+darwin%27s+black+box&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DEPBUbS_GoKI4gT9oYCoBg&redir_esc=y}}</ref> The prominent physicist [[Arthur Eddington|A.S. Eddington]] also voiced his utter disgust with such an idea:
[[John Lennox|J.C. Lennox]] points out that the supporters of various schools of [[materialism]] violate the scientific [[Socratic principle]] by letting their worldview to play a role in their antipathy to the idea of beginning. Among them are [[Friedrich Engels|Engels]] (cf. ''"Did the God created the world, or has the world been in existence eternally?"''), [[Stephen Hawking]] (cf.''"the idea that the time has beginning...smacks of divine intervention"'') and Sir John Maddox, a former editor of ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' (cf. ''"ultimite origin of our world [gave creationists] ample justification [for their beliefs]"'').<ref name="LENNOX"/> To many the notion of the beginning of the universe was loaded with overtones of a supernatural event -the creation.<ref>{{cite book |title=Darwin's Black Box |author=Michael J. Behe |publisher=Free Press |location= New York, London |year=1996, 2006 |pages=244 |isbn=978-0743-290319 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4IKhPwAACAAJ&dq=behe+darwin%27s+black+box&hl=en&sa=X&ei=DEPBUbS_GoKI4gT9oYCoBg&redir_esc=y}}</ref> The prominent physicist [[Arthur Eddington|A.S. Eddington]] also voiced his utter disgust with such an idea:
''"Philosophically, the notion of an abrupt beginning to present order of Nature is repugnant to me, as I think it must be to most; and even those who would welcome a proof of the intervention of a Creator will probably consider that a single winding-up at some remote epoch is not really the kind of relation between God and his world that brings satisfaction to the mind"''<ref>{{cite book |author=John MacQueen, Stanley L. Jaki |title=Cosmos and creator |publisher=Scottish Academic Press |year=1980 |pages=5, 145|isbn=978-0707-302904|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=i0PBUe-qOoiC4ATMjIDwDw&id=MhouAAAAMAAJ&dq=jaki+cosmos+and+creator&q=repugnant#search_anchor}}</ref> The late Professor [[Carl Sagan|C. Sagan]] wrote in the introduction to the book ''"A brief history of time"'' by [[Stephen Hawking]] that ''"This book is also about God...or perhaps about the absence of God...a universe with no edge in space and no beginning or end in time [leaves] nothing for the Creator to do."''<ref name="DismantlingBB"/>{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Horror of a unique position]]|group=note}}
''"Philosophically, the notion of an abrupt beginning to present order of Nature is repugnant to me, as I think it must be to most; and even those who would welcome a proof of the intervention of a Creator will probably consider that a single winding-up at some remote epoch is not really the kind of relation between God and his world that brings satisfaction to the mind"''<ref>{{cite book |author=John MacQueen, Stanley L. Jaki |title=Cosmos and creator |publisher=Scottish Academic Press |year=1980 |pages=5, 145|isbn=978-0707-302904|url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=i0PBUe-qOoiC4ATMjIDwDw&id=MhouAAAAMAAJ&dq=jaki+cosmos+and+creator&q=repugnant#search_anchor}}</ref> The late Professor [[Carl Sagan|C. Sagan]] wrote in the introduction to the book ''"A brief history of time"'' by [[Stephen Hawking]] that ''"This book is also about God...or perhaps about the absence of God...a universe with no edge in space and no beginning or end in time [leaves] nothing for the Creator to do."''<ref name="DismantlingBB"/>{{#tag:ref|cf.[[Horror of a unique position]]|group=note}}
The similar position was in the 18th century expressed by [[James Hutton]], whose aphorism ''"The revolt, therefore, of this physical inquiry is, that we find [[Age_of_the_Earth#Evolutionists_vs._.E2.80.9Codius_spectre.E2.80.9D_Kelvin|no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end]]"'' was acсompanying the onset of [[uniformitarian]] [[geology]] and [[Darwinian]] [[evolutionism]]. Their partisans however were not only ones having problem with the idea of beginning. As late as in 1913, Arthur Holmes wrote that ''"Even at the present day there exist barbaric tribes to whom it has never occured that the earth may have had a beginning."''<ref name="Holmes1913">{{cite web |title= The age of the earth |author= Arthur Holmes |publisher= Harper |place=London |year= 1913 |chapter=1 |pages=1 |url= https://archive.org/details/ageofearth00holmuoft |accessdate=July 18, 2015 |quote= }}</ref>
When in 1920s Russian mathematician A.Friedman (1924) and Belgian catholic priest and professor of physics G.Lemaître (1927) independently found that Einstein's gravitational field equations of [[general relativity]] have non-static cosmological solution implying an expanding or collapsing universe, Einstein, wishing to cancel out expansion and to support the universe model without any beginning or end, suggested modification to his field equations by adding a so-called [[Cosmological constant|cosmological term]]. Few years later, after Hubble's interpretation of new discoveries as expanding universe in 1929, Einstein called the cosmological constant "''the biggest blunder of my life"''.
== The naked singularity ==
== The naked singularity ==