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→Austro-Hungarian empire
On [[November 16]], [[1918]], an independent Hungarian Republic was proclaimed. This was Hungary's first republic.
On [[November 16]], [[1918]], an independent Hungarian Republic was proclaimed. This was Hungary's first republic.
===Interwar era===
Following [[World War I]], [[Romania]] took control over [[Transylvania]] and eastern Hungary, [[Czechoslovakia]] took control over the northern parts of the Kingdom of Hungary (also known as [[Upper Hungary]]), and a joint [[Serbia]]n and [[French Army|French army]] took control over the southern parts. These territories had a majority population of the respective occupying nations, however each had significant Hungarian population as well. The post-War Entente backed the subsequent annexations of these territories.
In [[March]] [[1919]], the Communists took power in Hungary. In April, [[Béla Kun]] proclaimed the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]]. But Kun's government, like its immediate predecessor, proved to be short-lived. This was despite some initial military successes against the Czechoslovakian Army.
On [[13 June]][[1919]], the Versailles Peace Conference ordered Hungary to evacuate the northern territories and Romania to leave [[Tiszántúl]]. Hungary fulfilled its part of the order by [[30 June]] [[1919]]. But the [[Romanian army]] refused to leave [[Tiszántúl]].
The ensuing war between Hungary and Romania led to the defeat of the Hungarian [[Red Army]]. By [[August]] [[1919]], more than half of present-day Hungary, including Budapest, was occupied by Romania. The Romanian occupation lasted until [[November]] [[1919]] when the [[Romanian army]] departed.
Rightist Hungarian military forces, led by the former Austro-Hungarian Admiral [[Miklós Horthy]], entered Budapest in the wake of the Romanian army's departure and filled the vacuum of [[state power]]. In [[January]] [[1920]], elections were held for a unicameral assembly. Admiral Horthy was elected Regent, thereby formally restoring the monarchy to Hungary. However, there would be no more "Kings of Hungary" despite attempts by the former Habsburg ruler to return to his former seat of power. Horthy ruled as Regent until 16 October 1944. Hungary remained a parliamentary democracy. But, after 1932, autocratic tendencies gradually returned as a result of Nazi influence and the [[Great Depression]].
[[Image:Kingdom of Hungary counties.svg|thumb|250px|Map of the counties in the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen (the Kingdom of Hungary proper and Croatia-Slavonia) around 1880.]]
On [[June 4]], [[1920]], the [[Treaty of Trianon]] was signed, establishing Hungary's new borders. Compared with the pre-war Kingdom, post-Trianon Hungary had 71% less territory and 66% less population. About one-third of the Magyar population became minorities in neighbouring countries. Hungary also lost its only [[Port|sea port]] at Fiume (today [[Rijeka]]). Therefore, [[Politics of Hungary|Hungarian politics]] and culture of the [[interwar period]] was dominated by [[irredentism]] ( the restoration of historical "[[Greater Hungary (political concept)|Greater Hungary]]").