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→Ottomans
===Ottomans===
===Ottomans===
The forthcoming two centuries were dominated by constant warfare against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The Ottomans gained a decisive victory over the Hungarian army at the [[battle of Mohács]] in [[1526]]. The next decades were characterised by political chaos; the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, [[Ferdinand Habsburg]] (1526-1540) and [[János Szapolyai]] (1526-1540), whose armed conflicts weakened the country further. After the conquest of [[Buda]] by the Ottomans in 1541, the Kingdom of Hungary came to be divided into three parts: one third of Hungary fell under Ottoman rule; one third (in the West) remained under [[Habsburg]] rule [[Kings of Hungary]]); and the third part, in the east (originally supporting János Szapolyai), remained independent (the Principality of [[Transylvania]]) and subsequently become a semi-independent, vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. It was only more than 150 years later, at the end of the [[17th century|seventeenth century]], that Austria and its Christian allies regained the territories of the Kingdom from the Ottoman Empire.
The forthcoming two centuries were dominated by constant warfare against the [[Ottoman Empire]]. The Ottomans gained a decisive victory over the Hungarian army at the [[battle of Mohács]] in [[1526]]. The next decades were characterised by political chaos; the divided Hungarian nobility elected two kings simultaneously, [[Ferdinand Habsburg]] (1526-1540) and [[János Szapolyai]] (1526-1540), whose armed conflicts weakened the country further. After the conquest of [[Buda]] by the Ottomans in 1541, the Kingdom of Hungary came to be divided into three parts: one third of Hungary fell under Ottoman rule; one third (in the West) remained under [[Habsburg]] rule [[Kings of Hungary]]); and the third part, in the east (originally supporting János Szapolyai), remained independent (the Principality of [[Transylvania]]) and subsequently become a semi-independent, vassal state of the Ottoman Empire. It was only more than 150 years later, at the end of the [[17th century|seventeenth century]], that Austria and its Christian allies regained the territories of the Kingdom from the Ottoman Empire.
===Austro-Hungarian empire===
[[Image:Francisc rakoczi.jpg|thumb|left|230px|[[Ferenc II Rákóczi]], painted by [[Ádám Mányoki]].]]
After the final retreat of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]], struggle began between the Hungarian nation and the [[Habsburg]] kings for the protection of noblemen' rights (thus guarding the autonomy of Hungary). The fight against Austrian [[absolutism]] resulted in an unsuccessful revolt for popular freedom between 1703 and 1711, led by a Transylvanian nobleman, [[Ferenc II Rákóczi]]. The [[Revolutions of 1848 in Hungary|revolution]] and war of 1848–1849 eliminated [[serfdom]] and secured [[civil rights]]. The Austrians were finally able to prevail, but only with Russian help.
Thanks to the victories against Austria by the French-Italian coalition (the [[Battle of Solferino]], 1859) and Prussia ([[Battle of Königgrätz]], 1866), Hungary would eventually, in 1867, manage to become a theoretically equal half of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] (see [[Ausgleich]]). Having achieved this, the Hungarian government made an effort to nationally unify the kingdom by [[Magyarisation]] of the various other nationalities. This lasted until the end of [[World War I]], when the Austro-Hungarian empire collapsed.
On [[November 16]], [[1918]], an independent Hungarian Republic was proclaimed. This was Hungary's first republic.