Changes

== Irish in politics and government ==

== Irish in politics and government ==

The Catholic Irish moved rapidly into law enforcement, and (through the Catholic Church) built hundreds of schools, colleges, orphanages, hospitals, and asylums. Political opposition to the Catholic Irish climaxed in 1854 in the short-lived Know Nothing Party.  The Irish vehemtly opposed blacks and abolitionists before and during the Civil War, and led the battle to stop Chinese immigration in the 1870s.  The most important organization in the late 19th and early 20th century was the Ancient Order of Hibernians.  Irish dominated the Knights of Columbus, but it was open to Catholocs of all ethnicities.

The Catholic Irish moved rapidly into law enforcement, and (through the Catholic Church) built hundreds of schools, colleges, orphanages, hospitals, and asylums. Political opposition to the Catholic Irish climaxed in 1854 in the short-lived Know Nothing Party.  The Irish vehemtly opposed blacks and abolitionists before and during the Civil War, and led the battle to stop Chinese immigration in the 1870s.  The most important organization in the late 19th and early 20th century was the Ancient Order of Hibernians.  Irish dominated the Knights of Columbus, but it was open to Catholics of all ethnicities.

[[File:Mcsorley.jpg|thumb|300px|The Saloon was the inevitable Irish hangout. John Sloan pained "McSorley's Bar" in 1912--the tavern is still in operation in Manhattan.]]

[[File:Mcsorley.jpg|thumb|300px|The Saloon was the inevitable Irish hangout. John Sloan pained "McSorley's Bar" in 1912--the tavern is still in operation in Manhattan.]]

===Crime and Police===

===Crime and Police===

Boston College, established by Jesuit priests in 1863 to appeal to urban Irish Catholics, offered a rather limited intellectual curriculum. The Jesuits of the late 19th century were wary of the radically changing world and limited intellectual study to Thomistic philosophy. The priests prioritized spiritual and sacramental activities over intellectual pursuits. One consequence was that Harvard University would not admit Boston College graduates to its law school. Jesuit interaction with the world of authentic scholarship would not come until well into the 20th century.<ref>Marianne Gallagher, "The Jesuits at Boston College in the Late Nineteenth Century," ''American Catholic Studies'' 2007 118(2): 43-66,</ref>

Boston College, established by Jesuit priests in 1863 to appeal to urban Irish Catholics, offered a rather limited intellectual curriculum. The Jesuits of the late 19th century were wary of the radically changing world and limited intellectual study to Thomistic philosophy. The priests prioritized spiritual and sacramental activities over intellectual pursuits. One consequence was that Harvard University would not admit Boston College graduates to its law school. Jesuit interaction with the world of authentic scholarship would not come until well into the 20th century.<ref>Marianne Gallagher, "The Jesuits at Boston College in the Late Nineteenth Century," ''American Catholic Studies'' 2007 118(2): 43-66,</ref>

==Ireland==

==Ireland==

The American Irish Catholics were strong supporters of independence for Ireland, and from the 1860s to this day were the main financial backers of independence movements, followed by movements to disrupt British rule in Northern ireland.  In the 1860s several thousand Civil War Union veterans formed the Feniean Society, which planned a military invasion to seize canada.  The plan was to trade Canada for a free Ireland. The Fenians were too few and too badly organized; they failed miserably. The Americans played a decisive role in the Northern Ireland peace process in the 1990s, ending the Irish Republican Army's campaign of violence.<ref>By contrast, when Ulster Protestants tried to mobilize support in the U.S. in the 1970s, they had minimal success. Andrew J. Wilson, "Ulster Unionists in America, 1972-1985," ''New Hibernia Review'' 2007 11(1): 50-73,</ref>

The American Irish Catholics were strong supporters of independence for Ireland, and from the 1860s to this day were the main financial backers of independence movements, followed by movements to disrupt British rule in Northern ireland.  In the 1860s several thousand Civil War Union veterans formed the Feniean Society, which planned a military invasion to seize Canada.  The plan was to trade Canada for a free Ireland. The Fenians were too few and too badly organized; they failed miserably. The Americans played a decisive role in the Northern Ireland peace process in the 1990s, ending the Irish Republican Army's campaign of violence.<ref>By contrast, when Ulster Protestants tried to mobilize support in the U.S. in the 1970s, they had minimal success. Andrew J. Wilson, "Ulster Unionists in America, 1972-1985," ''New Hibernia Review'' 2007 11(1): 50-73,</ref>

==See also==

==See also==