Changes

===Irvin McDowell===

===Irvin McDowell===

[[Image:Irvin Mcdowell.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Brigadier General Irvin McDowell (center, hand on sword), on the steps of a building befitting his rank, the newly-confiscated home of General [[Robert E. Lee]], Arlington House.]]

[[Image:Irvin Mcdowell.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Brigadier General Irvin McDowell (center, hand on sword), on the steps of a building befitting his rank, the newly-confiscated home of General [[Robert E. Lee]], Arlington House.]]

[[Image:First Bull Run Campaign.png|thumb|200px|right|The positions of the Union and Confederate armies, first week of July, 1861 (Hal Jespersen)]]

[[Image:First Bull Run Campaign.png|thumb|200px|left|The positions of the Union and Confederate armies, first week of July, 1861 (Hal Jespersen)]]

By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington. Since General Scott was seventy-five years old and physically unable to lead this force, the administration searched for a more suitable field commander. Secretary of the Treasury [[Salmon P. Chase]] championed fellow Ohioan, 42-year-old Major [[Irvin McDowell]]. Although McDowell was a [[West Point]] graduate, his command experience was limited. In fact, he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General’s Office. While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase, a former Ohio governor and senator. Now, through Chase’s influence, McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command of the Department of Northeastern Virginia, which included the military forces in and around Washington.

By July 1861 thousands of volunteers were camped in and around Washington. Since General Scott was seventy-five years old and physically unable to lead this force, the administration searched for a more suitable field commander. Secretary of the Treasury [[Salmon P. Chase]] championed fellow Ohioan, 42-year-old Major [[Irvin McDowell]]. Although McDowell was a [[West Point]] graduate, his command experience was limited. In fact, he had spent most of his career engaged in various staff duties in the Adjutant General’s Office. While stationed in Washington he had become acquainted with Chase, a former Ohio governor and senator. Now, through Chase’s influence, McDowell was promoted three grades to brigadier general in the Regular Army and on 27 May was assigned command of the Department of Northeastern Virginia, which included the military forces in and around Washington.

===Joseph E. Johnston===

===Joseph E. Johnston===

[[Image:JEJohnston.jpg|thumb|200px|left|General Joseph E. Johnston, Confederate States Army]]

[[Image:JEJohnston.jpg|thumb|200px|right|General Joseph E. Johnston, Confederate States Army]]

At Winchester, Virginia, southwest of Patterson’s command, were 12,000 Confederate troops of the Army of the Shenandoah under 54-year-old General [[Joseph E. Johnston]]. Before the war Johnston had served as quartermaster general of the United States Army. Now, as a Confederate commander, he was charged with defending the Shenandoah Valley and, if necessary, going to the support of Brig. Gen. [[Pierre G. T. Beauregard]]’s command at Manassas Junction. The Army of the Shenandoah consisted of five infantry brigades: the 1st, commanded by Brig. Gen. [[Thomas J. Jackson]]; the 2d, commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow; the 3d, commanded by Brig. Gen. Barnard E. Bee; the 4th, commanded by Col. Arnold Elzey; and the 5th, commanded by Brig. Gen. E. Kirby Smith. In addition to the infantry, there were twenty pieces of artillery and about 300 Virginia cavalrymen under Col. [[J.E.B. Stuart]].

At Winchester, Virginia, southwest of Patterson’s command, were 12,000 Confederate troops of the Army of the Shenandoah under 54-year-old General [[Joseph E. Johnston]]. Before the war Johnston had served as quartermaster general of the United States Army. Now, as a Confederate commander, he was charged with defending the Shenandoah Valley and, if necessary, going to the support of Brig. Gen. [[Pierre G. T. Beauregard]]’s command at Manassas Junction. The Army of the Shenandoah consisted of five infantry brigades: the 1st, commanded by Brig. Gen. [[Thomas J. Jackson]]; the 2d, commanded by Col. Francis S. Bartow; the 3d, commanded by Brig. Gen. Barnard E. Bee; the 4th, commanded by Col. Arnold Elzey; and the 5th, commanded by Brig. Gen. E. Kirby Smith. In addition to the infantry, there were twenty pieces of artillery and about 300 Virginia cavalrymen under Col. [[J.E.B. Stuart]].