Changes

{{cquote|I have occasionally met with a favored individual who had never seen a bed bug; but such fortunate people are rare and there are very few housekeepers who have not, by accident perhaps, or through slovenly servants, made the intimate acquaintance of the ubiquitous pest…. It’s odor and the effects of its bites are universally known, and the word “bed buggy” has entered our literature as descriptive of a particular class of odors.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=j1Y7AAAAMAAJ&lpg=PA25&ots=b_vavYWYXE&dq=Entomologist%20%20Dr.%20Riley%2C%20PhD%20bed%20bugs&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false Good Housekeeping Journal], May 25. 1889, p. 25</ref>}}

{{cquote|I have occasionally met with a favored individual who had never seen a bed bug; but such fortunate people are rare and there are very few housekeepers who have not, by accident perhaps, or through slovenly servants, made the intimate acquaintance of the ubiquitous pest…. It’s odor and the effects of its bites are universally known, and the word “bed buggy” has entered our literature as descriptive of a particular class of odors.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=j1Y7AAAAMAAJ&lpg=PA25&ots=b_vavYWYXE&dq=Entomologist%20%20Dr.%20Riley%2C%20PhD%20bed%20bugs&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false Good Housekeeping Journal], May 25. 1889, p. 25</ref>}}

In the 1930s there were large sections of London where every house was infested, resulting in an investigation by the Ministry of Health and the Public Health Act of 1936 which required councils to take action. Toxic fumigation using sulfur dioxide (sulfur candles) or hydrogen cyanide, are reported to have helped reduce infestations by up to 80% in a town under study. DDT became the primary insecticide beginning in 1945. Declining numbers overall continued from the late 30s through 1980s until the recent resurgence. Some state laws once required that the furniture be tagged as fumigated before it could be resold.  

In the 1930s there were large sections of London where every house was infested, resulting in an investigation by the Ministry of Health and the Public Health Act of 1936 which required councils to take action. Toxic fumigation using sulfur dioxide (sulfur candles) or hydrogen cyanide, are reported to have helped reduce infestations by up to 80% in a town under study.  Before [[World War Two the primary treatment was either heat or fumigation, and barriers behind walls were even constructed to prevent bedbugs from crawling up, while harborage was encouraged using wire mesh below, which periodically would be burned with a blow torch. Some state laws once required that the furniture be tagged as fumigated before it could be resold. DDT became the primary insecticide beginning in 1945, and declining numbers overall continued from the late 30s through 1980s until the recent resurgence.

Diligence and use of the pesticide DDT in the 1950s and broadbased pesticides also resulted in a dramatic reduction of bedbugs overall in the United States, though significant reservoirs of bed bug infestation persisted

Diligence and use of the pesticide DDT in the 1950s and broadbased pesticides also resulted in a dramatic reduction of bedbugs overall in the United States, though significant reservoirs of bed bug infestation persisted

through this period, particularly in inner-city areas.  During the bed bug recession period of the 1950s, infestations were

through this period, particularly in inner-city areas.  During the bed bug recession period of the 1950s, infestations were

mainly found in homeless shelters, and prisons, while during in the period 1967-73, about 61% of infestations were found in domestic residential property, while about 25% were in institutional settings<ref> [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=15&ved=0CI8BEBYwDg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icup.org.uk%2Freports%255CICUP911.pdf&ei=_7fkTMOcM4X7lwfpgvC1Cw&usg=AFQjCNHAv-kTckL-i94tT9QVwttxl-L2YQ&sig2=nWe_LzSDoRelL73t_I6ljg  ''Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): An evidence-based analysis of the current situation,'' Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests], p. 9, 2008</ref></ref>  

mainly found in homeless shelters, and prisons, while during in the period 1967-73, about 61% of infestations were found in domestic residential property, while about 25% were in institutional settings<ref> [http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&cd=15&ved=0CI8BEBYwDg&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icup.org.uk%2Freports%255CICUP911.pdf&ei=_7fkTMOcM4X7lwfpgvC1Cw&usg=AFQjCNHAv-kTckL-i94tT9QVwttxl-L2YQ&sig2=nWe_LzSDoRelL73t_I6ljg  ''Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): An evidence-based analysis of the current situation,'' Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests], p. 9, 2008</ref></ref><ref>[http://www.birc.org/MarApril2007.pdf ''Bed Bugs bounce back'', IPM Practitioner], March/April 2007</ref<ref>>http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html</ref>  

The current resurgence of bedbug infestations appears to have started almost synchronously in the late 1990’s in Europe, the United States, and in Australia. 2007 Data from a survey of pest control companies in the latter country indicated a 4500% increase over seven years.<ref>''Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): An evidence-based analysis of the current situation,'' Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests, p. 1, 2008</ref><ref>Doggett S.L. and R.C. Russel, ''Bed bugs: Recent Trends and developments,'' Australian </ref>  

The current resurgence of bedbug infestations appears to have started almost synchronously in the late 1990’s in Europe, the United States, and in Australia. 2007 Data from a survey of pest control companies in the latter country indicated a 4500% increase over seven years.<ref>''Bed bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae): An evidence-based analysis of the current situation,'' Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Urban Pests, p. 1, 2008</ref><ref>Doggett S.L. and R.C. Russel, ''Bed bugs: Recent Trends and developments,'' Australian </ref>  

<ref>http://waronbedbugs.blogspot.com/2007/03/tracing-cause-of-bedbug-epidemic.html</ref>  

<ref>http://waronbedbugs.blogspot.com/2007/03/tracing-cause-of-bedbug-epidemic.html</ref>  

The University of [[Kentucky]], which has provided much research on bedbugs, and the United States' National Pest Management Association reported that 95% of 521 U.S. pest management companies reported encountering a bedbug infestation in the past year. <ref>Potter MF, et al. ''Bugs Without Borders—Executive Summary'', Fairfax, VA:National Pest Management Association, Inc. (2010)</ref><ref>http://www.npmapestworld.org/documents/bbsurveyexecsummaryjuly26.pdf</ref>  Canada  reported similar numbers (98%), as well as  Europe (92%), and Africa/Middle East (90%).  In contrast, prior to the year 2000 only 25% of U.S. survey respondents reported bedbug infestations. In addition,  76 percent of survey respondents affirmed that bedbugs are the most difficult pest to treat, more so than cockroaches, ants and termites. "The results of the global study suggest that we are on the threshold of a bedbug pandemic, not just in the United States, but around the world," said Missy Henriksen, vice president of public affairs for NPMA. The global survey showed pest control firms in Latin America and Asia where stronger, organophosphate chemicals are permitted.<ref>[http://www.pestworld.org/bedbug National Pest Management Association (NPMA), July 26, 2010]</ref>BBC New Magazine, ''Don't let the bedbugs bite'', 2 September 2010 In the United States, state and local government officials say they are being overwhelmed with complaints of bedbug infestations.

The University of [[Kentucky]], which has provided much research on bedbugs, and the United States' National Pest Management Association reported that 95% of 521 U.S. pest management companies reported encountering a bedbug infestation in the past year. <ref>Potter MF, et al. ''Bugs Without Borders—Executive Summary'', Fairfax, VA:National Pest Management Association, Inc. (2010)</ref><ref>http://www.npmapestworld.org/documents/bbsurveyexecsummaryjuly26.pdf</ref>  Canada  reported similar numbers (98%), as well as  Europe (92%), and Africa/Middle East (90%).  In contrast, prior to the year 2000 only 25% of U.S. survey respondents reported bedbug infestations. In addition,  76 percent of survey respondents affirmed that bedbugs are the most difficult pest to treat, more so than cockroaches, ants and termites. "The results of the global study suggest that we are on the threshold of a bedbug pandemic, not just in the United States, but around the world," said Missy Henriksen, vice president of public affairs for NPMA. The global survey showed pest control firms in Latin America and Asia where stronger, organophosphate chemicals are permitted.<ref>[http://www.pestworld.org/bedbug National Pest Management Association (NPMA), July 26, 2010]</ref><ref>BBC New Magazine, ''Don't let the bedbugs bite'', 2 September 2010</ref> In the United States, state and local government officials say they are being overwhelmed with complaints of bedbug infestations.

==Life and behavior==

==Life and behavior==