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combined "Historical eugenics" under one header.
The encyclopedia describes eugenics as now being "in disrepute,"<ref>Dead link: //www.fwkc.com/encyclopedia/low/articles/e/e007001431f.html</ref> although Professor [[Peter Singer]] of Princeton University has sought to remove the stigma from it. Evolutionist and atheist [[Richard Dawkins]] has stated in one letter his wish that it no longer be banned from polite discussion.<ref>Dawkins, Richard (November 19, 2006). [http://web.archive.org/web/20090113170158/http://www.sundayherald.com/life/people/display.var.1031440.0.eugenics_may_not_be_bad.php "Eugenics may not be bad"]. ''Sunday Herald'' [Scotland]. Retrieved from January 13, 2009 archive at Internet Archive on September 24, 2014.</ref>
The encyclopedia describes eugenics as now being "in disrepute,"<ref>Dead link: //www.fwkc.com/encyclopedia/low/articles/e/e007001431f.html</ref> although Professor [[Peter Singer]] of Princeton University has sought to remove the stigma from it. Evolutionist and atheist [[Richard Dawkins]] has stated in one letter his wish that it no longer be banned from polite discussion.<ref>Dawkins, Richard (November 19, 2006). [http://web.archive.org/web/20090113170158/http://www.sundayherald.com/life/people/display.var.1031440.0.eugenics_may_not_be_bad.php "Eugenics may not be bad"]. ''Sunday Herald'' [Scotland]. Retrieved from January 13, 2009 archive at Internet Archive on September 24, 2014.</ref>
The [[Spartans]] in ancient Greece practiced a primitive form of eugenics, wherein babies which were judged to be too "weak" or "sickly" would be left to die.
In the early 1900s, many influential officials advocated Darwinism and eugenics. Supreme Court Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] became a strong proponent. So did many others in prominent government and academic positions. Members of the British Eugenics Society, including the [[Planned Parenthood|International Planned Parenthood Federation]], are listed.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19970801030506/http://homepages.enterprise.net/eugenics/briteugen/index.html "British Eugenics Society"] (1997). Eugenics Watch. Retrieved from August 1, 1997 archive at Internet Archive on September 24, 2014.</ref>
In the early 1900s, many influential officials advocated Darwinism and eugenics. Supreme Court Justice [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]] became a strong proponent. So did many others in prominent government and academic positions. Members of the British Eugenics Society, including the [[Planned Parenthood|International Planned Parenthood Federation]], are listed.<ref>[http://web.archive.org/web/19970801030506/http://homepages.enterprise.net/eugenics/briteugen/index.html "British Eugenics Society"] (1997). Eugenics Watch. Retrieved from August 1, 1997 archive at Internet Archive on September 24, 2014.</ref>
==Eugenics in America==
===Eugenics in America===
Between 1907 and 1937, 32 American states passed eugenics laws requiring sterilization of citizens deemed to be misfits, such as the mentally infirm. Oliver Wendell Holmes and all but one conservative Democratic Justice upheld such laws in a Supreme Court decision that included Holmes' offensive statement that "three generations of imbeciles are enough." [[Buck v. Bell|Buck v. Bell]], 274 U.S. 200, 207 (1927).<ref>United States Supreme Court (May 2, 1927). [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=274&invol=200 "Buck v. Bell"], 274 U.S. 200, 207. Retrieved from ''FindLaw'' on September 24, 2014.</ref> In fact, the third generation "imbecile" was very bright, but was declared by a eugenics "expert" as "supposed to be a mental defective," apparently without an examination.
Between 1907 and 1937, 32 American states passed eugenics laws requiring sterilization of citizens deemed to be misfits, such as the mentally infirm. Oliver Wendell Holmes and all but one conservative Democratic Justice upheld such laws in a Supreme Court decision that included Holmes' offensive statement that "three generations of imbeciles are enough." [[Buck v. Bell|Buck v. Bell]], 274 U.S. 200, 207 (1927).<ref>United States Supreme Court (May 2, 1927). [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=274&invol=200 "Buck v. Bell"], 274 U.S. 200, 207. Retrieved from ''FindLaw'' on September 24, 2014.</ref> In fact, the third generation "imbecile" was very bright, but was declared by a eugenics "expert" as "supposed to be a mental defective," apparently without an examination.
"By 1928, the American Genetics Association boasted that there were 376 college courses devoted exclusively to eugenics. High-school biology textbooks followed suit by the mid-1930s, with most containing material favorable to the idea of eugenical control of reproduction. It would thus have been difficult to be an even moderately educated reader in the 1920s or 1930s and not have known, at least in general terms, about the claims of eugenics."<ref name="sm">''See'' Allen, Garland E. (August-September 1996). "Science misapplied: the eugenics age revisited". ''Technology Review'', vol. 99, no. 6, at p. 22(10).</ref>
"By 1928, the American Genetics Association boasted that there were 376 college courses devoted exclusively to eugenics. High-school biology textbooks followed suit by the mid-1930s, with most containing material favorable to the idea of eugenical control of reproduction. It would thus have been difficult to be an even moderately educated reader in the 1920s or 1930s and not have known, at least in general terms, about the claims of eugenics."<ref name="sm">''See'' Allen, Garland E. (August-September 1996). "Science misapplied: the eugenics age revisited". ''Technology Review'', vol. 99, no. 6, at p. 22(10).</ref>
Important remnatnts of the evolution-eugenics approach exist today, in part because many of Justice Holmes' opinions are still controlling law. The very first quote in the infamous [[Roe v. Wade]] abortion decision is an unprincipled statement of Justice Holmes in a 1905 opinion. Indeed, Holmes once wrote favorably in a letter to a future Supreme Court Justice about "restricting propagation by the undesirables and putting to death infants that didn't pass the examination.<ref>Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (September 3, 1921). "Letter to Felix Frankfurter". For a detailed criticism of Justice Holmes' judicial Darwinism, see Professor Albert W. Alschuler's ''Law Without Values: The Life, Work, and Legacy of Justice Holmes'' (Univ. of Chicago Press 2000).</ref>
Important remnants of the evolution-eugenics approach exist today, in part because many of Justice Holmes' opinions are still controlling law. The very first quote in the infamous [[Roe v. Wade]] abortion decision is an unprincipled statement of Justice Holmes in a 1905 opinion. Indeed, Holmes once wrote favorably in a letter to a future Supreme Court Justice about "restricting propagation by the undesirables and putting to death infants that didn't pass the examination.<ref>Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (September 3, 1921). "Letter to Felix Frankfurter". For a detailed criticism of Justice Holmes' judicial Darwinism, see Professor Albert W. Alschuler's ''Law Without Values: The Life, Work, and Legacy of Justice Holmes'' (Univ. of Chicago Press 2000).</ref>
Existing laws requiring students to receive controversial vaccines are based on a eugenics-era decision granting the State the power to forcibly vaccinate residents. <ref>United States Supreme Court (February 20, 1905). [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=197&invol=11 "Jacobson v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts"], 197 U.S. 11. Retrieved from ''FindLaw'' on September 25, 2014.</ref> That decision, in fact, was the cited precedent for Justice Holmes' offensive "imbeciles" holding quoted above.
Existing laws requiring students to receive controversial vaccines are based on a eugenics-era decision granting the State the power to forcibly vaccinate residents. <ref>United States Supreme Court (February 20, 1905). [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=197&invol=11 "Jacobson v. Commonwealth of Massachusetts"], 197 U.S. 11. Retrieved from ''FindLaw'' on September 25, 2014.</ref> That decision, in fact, was the cited precedent for Justice Holmes' offensive "imbeciles" holding quoted above.
For the same reason that evolution teaching led to eugenics, evolution teaching today encourages acceptance of abortion and euthanasia. Under evolution theory, after all, we are merely animals fighting for biological survival.
For the same reason that evolution teaching led to eugenics, evolution teaching today encourages acceptance of abortion and euthanasia. Under evolution theory, after all, we are merely animals fighting for biological survival.
==Eugenics in Europe==
===Eugenics in Europe===
German Darwinist [[Ernst Haeckel]] promoted evolution by drawing fraudulent pictures of humans embryos, to pretend that their developmental stages imitate an historical evolution of humans from other species.<ref>''See'' [[Haeckel diagrams]]. These fraudulent drawings remain a part of American textbooks and were only exposed a century later as false by the ''New York Times''.</ref>
German Darwinist [[Ernst Haeckel]] promoted evolution by drawing fraudulent pictures of humans embryos, to pretend that their developmental stages imitate an historical evolution of humans from other species.<ref>''See'' [[Haeckel diagrams]]. These fraudulent drawings remain a part of American textbooks and were only exposed a century later as false by the ''New York Times''.</ref>
One German student was [[Josef Mengele|Josef Mengele]], who studied anthropology and paleontology and received his Ph.D. for his thesis entitled "Racial Morphological Research on the Lower Jaw Section of Four Racial Groups." In 1937, Mengele was recommended for and received a position as a research assistant with the Third Reich Institute for Hereditary, Biology and Racial Purity at the University of Frankfort. He became the "Angel of Death" for directing the operation of gas chambers of [[the Holocaust]] and for conducting horrific medical experiments on inmates in pursuit of eugenics.
One German student was [[Josef Mengele|Josef Mengele]], who studied anthropology and paleontology and received his Ph.D. for his thesis entitled "Racial Morphological Research on the Lower Jaw Section of Four Racial Groups." In 1937, Mengele was recommended for and received a position as a research assistant with the Third Reich Institute for Hereditary, Biology and Racial Purity at the University of Frankfort. He became the "Angel of Death" for directing the operation of gas chambers of [[the Holocaust]] and for conducting horrific medical experiments on inmates in pursuit of eugenics.
==Genocide==
===Genocide===
The [[liberal]] American Medical Society provided this summary:<ref>Barondess, Jeremiah A. (November 27, 1996). "Medicine against society: lessons from the Third Reich". ''The Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol. 276, vol. 20, p. 1657(5).</ref>
The [[liberal]] American Medical Society provided this summary:<ref>Barondess, Jeremiah A. (November 27, 1996). "Medicine against society: lessons from the Third Reich". ''The Journal of the American Medical Association'', vol. 276, vol. 20, p. 1657(5).</ref>
Pat Milmoe McCarrick and Mary Carrington Coutts, reference librarians for the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature at [[Georgetown University]], were more succinct: "The Nazi [[racial hygiene]] program began with involuntary sterilizations and ended with genocide." <ref>McCarrick, Pat Milmoe and Coutts, Mary Carrington et al. (June 1995). [http://web.archive.org/web/20041013060122/http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/scopenotes/sn28.htm "Introduction"]. ''Eugenics'', Scope Note series, no. 28. Georgetown University/The Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics/National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature website. Retrieved from October 13, 2004 archive at Internet Archive on September 18, 2014.</ref>
Pat Milmoe McCarrick and Mary Carrington Coutts, reference librarians for the National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature at [[Georgetown University]], were more succinct: "The Nazi [[racial hygiene]] program began with involuntary sterilizations and ended with genocide." <ref>McCarrick, Pat Milmoe and Coutts, Mary Carrington et al. (June 1995). [http://web.archive.org/web/20041013060122/http://www.georgetown.edu/research/nrcbl/scopenotes/sn28.htm "Introduction"]. ''Eugenics'', Scope Note series, no. 28. Georgetown University/The Joseph and Rose Kennedy Institute of Ethics/National Reference Center for Bioethics Literature website. Retrieved from October 13, 2004 archive at Internet Archive on September 18, 2014.</ref>
===American scientists and Nazi Germany===
===American scientists and Nazi Germany===
By 1945, when the murderous nature of the Nazi government was made perfectly clear, the American eugenicists sought to downplay the close connections between themselves and the German program. Some of them, in fact, had sought to distance themselves from Hitler even before the war. But Stefan Kuhl's deeply documented book provides a devastating indictment of the influence—and aid—provided by American scientists for the most comprehensive attempt to enforce racial purity in world history.}}
By 1945, when the murderous nature of the Nazi government was made perfectly clear, the American eugenicists sought to downplay the close connections between themselves and the German program. Some of them, in fact, had sought to distance themselves from Hitler even before the war. But Stefan Kuhl's deeply documented book provides a devastating indictment of the influence—and aid—provided by American scientists for the most comprehensive attempt to enforce racial purity in world history.}}
==Liberal eugenics==
Some argue that parents who abort infants with genetic mutation or other disabilities are practicing a form of eugenics.<ref>Kristof, Nicholas D. (July 4, 2003). [http://edition.cnn.com/2003/US/07/04/nyt.kristof/index.html "The new eugenics"]. ''The New York Times''. Reprinted at CNN.com International/U. S. webpage. Retrieved on September 18, 2014.</ref> Some doctors and scientists have defended this practice and named it "liberal eugenics" in order to differentiate it from traditional forms of eugenics such as Nazi eugenics.<ref>Hauskeller, Michael (November 2, 2005). [http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=4541 "Review of ''Liberal Eugenics: In Defence of Human Enhancement''"], Agar, Nicholas (2004, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing). Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews. Retrieved on September 25, 2014.</ref> Eugenicists in the United States and elsewhere have been known to employ or advocate [[abortion]] as a method of eugenics.
==Eugenics in film==
==Eugenics in film==