Changes

==Hull House==

==Hull House==

In September 1889, Addams and a friend, [[Ellen Gates Starr]], moved into an 1850s mansion built by banker Charles Hull, but located in a neighborhood that had become a crowded multi-ethnic slum on the near West Side of Chicago controlled by local political bosses.  At one point she ran for alderman against the local boss, Johnnie Powers, and lost. Hull House, as Addams named it, became America's best known settlement house. She used Hull House to generate system-directed change--to keep families safe, community and societal conditions must be improved.<ref> Elshtain (2002). For some years previously Catholic nuns at Holy Family Parish had operated social welfare services in the same neighborhood. Hull House represented the first Protestant activity. See Ellen Skerrett, "The Irish Of Chicago's Hull-House Neighborhood." ''Chicago History'' 2001 30(1): 22-63. Issn: 0272-8540</ref>  

In September 1889, Addams and a friend, [[Ellen Gates Starr]], moved into an 1850s mansion built by banker Charles Hull, but located in a neighborhood that had become a crowded multi-ethnic slum on the near West Side of Chicago controlled by local political bosses.  At one point she ran for alderman against the local boss, Johnnie Powers, and lost. Hull House, as Addams named it, became America's best known settlement house. She used Hull House to generate system-directed change--to keep families safe, community and societal conditions must be improved.<ref> Elshtain (2002). For some years previously Catholic nuns at Holy Family Parish had operated social welfare services in the same neighborhood. Hull House represented the first Protestant activity. See Ellen Skerrett, "The Irish Of Chicago's Hull-House Neighborhood." ''Chicago History'' 2001 30(1): 22-63. Issn: 0272-8540</ref>  

Starr and Addams developed three "ethical principles" for social settlements: "to teach by example, to practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations across class lines."<ref> Knight (2005) p. 182</ref>  Hull House therefore offered a comprehensive program of civic, cultural, recreational, and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, in including [[William Lyon MacKenzie King]], a graduate student from Harvard who later became prime minister of Canada. In the 1890s [[Julia Lathrop]], [[Florence Kelley]], and other residents of the house made it a world center of social reform activity.  Hull House used the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, infant mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House group became involved in city- and state-wide campaigns for better housing, improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent visitors from around the world, and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists.  Some of the Hull House residents were socialists, but Addams was committed to capitalism and its reform. In 1912 she helped found the [[Progressive Party]] and supported the presidential campaign of [[Theodore Roosevelt]], even though his platform called for building more battleships.

Starr and Addams developed three "ethical principles" for social settlements: "to teach by example, to practice cooperation, and to practice social democracy, that is, egalitarian, or democratic, social relations across class lines."<ref> Knight (2005) p. 182</ref>  Hull House therefore offered a comprehensive program of civic, cultural, recreational, and educational activities and attracted admiring visitors from all over the world, in including [[William Lyon MacKenzie King]], a graduate student from Harvard who later became prime minister of Canada. In the 1890s [[Julia Lathrop]], [[Florence Kelley]], and other residents of the house made it a world center of social reform activity.  Hull House used the latest methodology (pioneering in statistical mapping) to study overcrowding, truancy, typhoid fever, cocaine, children's reading, newsboys, infant mortality, and midwifery. Starting with efforts to improve the immediate neighborhood, the Hull House group became involved in city- and state-wide campaigns for better housing, improvements in public welfare, stricter child-labor laws, and protection of working women. Addams brought in prominent visitors from around the world, and had close links with leading Chicago intellectuals and philanthropists.  Some of the Hull House residents were socialists, but Addams was committed to capitalism and its reform. In 1912 she helped found the [[Progressive Party]] and supported the presidential campaign of [[Theodore Roosevelt]], even though his platform called for building more battleships.

==Emphasis on children==

==Emphasis on children==

Hull House stressed the role of children in the Americanization process of new immigrants, and fostered the play movement and the research and service fields of leisure, youth, and human services.  Addams argued in ''The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets'' (1909) that play and recreation programs are needed because cities are destroying the spirit of youth. Addams feared that cities and factories were killing the spirit of youth; recreation and play were healthy mediums to channel the spirit of youth. Hull-House featured multiple programs in art and drama, kindergarten classes, boys' and girls' clubs, language classes, reading groups, college extension courses, along with public baths, a free-speech atmosphere, a gymnasium, a labor museum and playground. They were all designed to foster democratic cooperation and collective action and downplay individualism. She helped pass the first model tenement code and the first factory laws in Illinois.   

Hull House stressed the role of children in the Americanization process of new immigrants, and fostered the play movement and the research and service fields of leisure, youth, and human services.  Addams argued in ''The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets'' (1909) that play and recreation programs are needed because cities are destroying the spirit of youth. Addams feared that cities and factories were killing the spirit of youth; recreation and play were healthy mediums to channel the spirit of youth. Hull-House featured multiple programs in art and drama, kindergarten classes, boys' and girls' clubs, language classes, reading groups, college extension courses, along with public baths, a free-speech atmosphere, a gymnasium, a labor museum and playground. They were all designed to foster democratic cooperation and collective action and downplay individualism. She helped pass the first model tenement code and the first factory laws in Illinois.   

Addams and her colleagues documented the geography of typhoid fever and reported that poor workers bore the brunt of illness. She identified the political corruption and business avarice that caused the city bureaucracy to ignore health, sanitation, and building codes. Linking environmental justice and municipal reform, she eventually defeated the bosses and fostered a more equitable distribution of city services and modernized inspection practices.<ref> Platt (2000)</ref> Addams spoke of the "undoubted powers of public recreation to bring together the classes of a community in the modern city unhappily so full of devices for keeping them apart."<ref>Addams, 1909, p. 96</ref> Addams worked with the Chicago Board of Health and served as the first vice-president of the Playground Association of America.

Addams and her colleagues documented the geography of typhoid fever and reported that poor workers bore the brunt of illness. She identified the political corruption and business avarice that caused the city bureaucracy to ignore health, sanitation, and building codes. Linking environmental justice and municipal reform, she eventually defeated the bosses and fostered a more equitable distribution of city services and modernized inspection practices.<ref> Platt (2000)</ref> Addams spoke of the "undoubted powers of public recreation to bring together the classes of a community in the modern city unhappily so full of devices for keeping them apart."<ref>Addams, 1909, p. 96</ref> Addams worked with the Chicago Board of Health and served as the first vice-president of the Playground Association of America.