Changes

==Politics==

==Politics==

Blacks tended to support the [[Republican Party]] from the 1860s to the 1960s, but Democrats suppressed the vote of Blacks living in [[the South]] —some states even stopped people of African ancestry voting by the use of literacy tests, poll taxes and other measures. The [[New Deal]] provided some relief for blacks during the [[Great Depression]] but still legislated [[discrimination]] based on race. Some Northern black Republican organizations, as in Chicago, were bought off by New Deal government spending and switched to the [[Democrat]]s. This change is often attributed to the [[Great Society]] spending that exploded in the second half of the twentieth century. The [[15th Amendment]] allowed blacks to vote, but Democrat [[Jim Crow]] laws suppressed minority voter registration to a level much lower than white voter registration.<ref>Issacharoff, Samuel; Karlan, Pamela S.; Pildes, Richard H. (2012). ''The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process'' (4th ed.). New York, NY: Foundation Press. ISBN 1-59941-935-1, p. 514</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040806055436/http://www.justice.gov/crt/voting/intro/intro_a.htm</ref> After the Voting Rights Act, black turnout increased substantially.  Beginning with [[Lyndon Johnson]]'s [[War on Poverty]], blacks voted 85% to 92% for Democrat presidential candidates; however, the Democrat poverty programs which encourage out-of-wedlock births had a devastating effect on Black families, Black fatherhood, Black males in general, and Black communities.  In the 1990s, the mass incarceration laws of [[Joe Biden]], [[Bill Clinton]], and [[Hilary Clinton]] had an even more devastating effect in dampening hope and splitting up Black families.

Blacks tended to support the [[Republican Party]] from the 1860s to the 1960s, but Democrats suppressed the vote of Blacks living in [[the South]] —some states even stopped people of African ancestry voting by the use of literacy tests, poll taxes and other measures. The [[New Deal]] provided some relief for blacks during the [[Great Depression]] but New Deal legislation still [[discrimination|discriminated]] based on race, particularly in housing and employment. New Deal funds were used to conduct the [[Tuskegee syphilis experiment]]s. Some Northern Black Republicans however, as in Chicago, were bought off by New Deal government spending and switched to the [[Democrat]]s. This change is often attributed to the [[Great Society]] spending that exploded in the second half of the twentieth century. The [[15th Amendment]] allowed blacks to vote, but Democrat [[Jim Crow]] laws suppressed minority voter registration to a level much lower than white voter registration.<ref>Issacharoff, Samuel; Karlan, Pamela S.; Pildes, Richard H. (2012). ''The Law of Democracy: Legal Structure of the Political Process'' (4th ed.). New York, NY: Foundation Press. ISBN 1-59941-935-1, p. 514</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040806055436/http://www.justice.gov/crt/voting/intro/intro_a.htm</ref> After the 1965 Voting Rights Act]], black turnout increased substantially.   

 

Beginning with [[Lyndon Johnson]]'s [[War on Poverty]], blacks voted 85% to 92% for Democrat presidential candidates; however, the Democrat poverty programs which encourage out-of-wedlock births had a devastating effect on Black families, Black fatherhood, Black males in general, and Black communities.  In the 1990s, the mass incarceration laws of [[Joe Biden]], [[Bill Clinton]], and [[Hillary Clinton]] had an even more devastating effect in dampening hope and splitting up Black families.

In 2020 Ismail K. White and Chryl N. Laird wrote in an essay, "Understanding why African Americans are such steadfast supporters of the Democratic Party is not as straightforward as it seems. Although committed to the Democratic Party, African Americans are actually one of the most [[conservative]] blocs of Democratic supporters."<ref>https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/why-are-blacks-democrats</ref>

In 2020 Ismail K. White and Chryl N. Laird wrote in an essay, "Understanding why African Americans are such steadfast supporters of the Democratic Party is not as straightforward as it seems. Although committed to the Democratic Party, African Americans are actually one of the most [[conservative]] blocs of Democratic supporters."<ref>https://press.princeton.edu/ideas/why-are-blacks-democrats</ref>