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| + | ==Use the Minor edit button and do not clog up Recent Changes== |
| − | ! style="font-size:120%; background:lightblue; text-align:center; padding:5px 0;" | Splitting personality into two
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| − | | style="padding:15px;" |''“[T]he ‘positive’ conception of freedom as self-mastery, with its suggestion of a man divided against himself, has in fact, and as a matter of history, of doctrine and of practice, lent itself more easily to this splitting of personality into two: the transcendent, dominant controller, and the empirical bundle of desires and passions to be disciplined and brought to heel. ... This demonstrates (if demonstration of so obvious a truth is needed) that conceptions of freedom directly derive from views of what constitutes a self, a person, a man. Enough manipulation of the definition of man, and freedom can be made to mean whatever the manipulator wishes.”''
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| − | <div style="padding-left:40px;">— Isaiah Berlin,<ref name="Levin2017">{{cite book |title=Rediscovering Americanism and the tyranny of progressivism |author=Mark R. Levin |publisher=Treshold Edition |place=New York |pages=152–3 |isbn=978-1-4767-7308-7 |url=http://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Rediscovering-Americanism/Mark-R-Levin/9781476773087}}</ref> </div>
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| − | '''Personality''' is the way [[people]] think, feel, and behave.<ref>[http://www.personalityresearch.org/ Great Ideas in Personality]</ref>
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| − | == Big Five personality traits ==
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| − | ''See also:'' [[Big Five personality traits]]
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| − | [[File:Big Five Model.jpg|600px|thumbnail|center|Basic Five Factor model]] | + | |
| − | {{Clear}}
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| − | The [[Big Five personality traits]] (the basis for the five factor model) are the five traits psychologists use to describe an individual's personality. While other traits exist, these are thought to define a large part of individuality. Hans Eysenck initiated this concept, but only included two personality traits, extraversion and neuroticism.
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| − | === List of Big 5 personality Traits ===
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| − | *'''[[Conscientiousness]]''' - self-discipline, efficiency, and orderliness
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| − | *'''Extraversion''' - assertive, energetic, and personable
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| − | *'''Agreeableness''' - understanding and cooperativeness
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| − | *'''Neuroticism''' - anxiety, vulnerability, and sensitivity
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| − | *'''Openness''' - Creativity, imitativeness, and curiosity<ref>https://www.verywell.com/the-big-five-personality-dimensions-2795422</ref><ref>https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/big-five-personality-traits</ref>
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| − | == Neoroplasticity and the ability of individuals to improve their personality ==
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| − | According to the National Institute of Health, "Neuroplasticity, also known as neural plasticity or brain plasticity, is a process that involves adaptive structural and functional changes to the brain."<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK557811/#:~:text=Neuroplasticity%2C%20also%20known%20as%20neural,functional%20changes%20to%20the%20brain. Neuroplasticity]</ref>
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| − | UC Davis researchers indicate:
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| − | {{Cquote|It has long been believed that people can’t change their personalities, which are largely stable and inherited. But a review of recent research in personality science points to the possibility that personality traits can change through persistent intervention and major life events.
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| − | Personality traits, identified as neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness, can predict a wide range of important outcomes such as health, happiness and income. Because of this, these traits might represent an important target for policy interventions designed to improve human welfare.
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| − | The research, published in the [https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/amp0000503 December issue] of American Psychologist, is the product of the Personality Change Consortium, an international group of researchers committed to advancing understanding of personality change. The consortium was initiated by Wiebke Bleidorn and Christopher Hopwood, University of California, Davis, professors of psychology who are also co-authors of the latest paper, “The Policy Relevance of Personality Traits.” The paper has 13 other co-authors.<ref>[https://www.universityofcalifornia.edu/news/can-you-change-your-personality#:~:text=It%20has%20long%20been%20believed,intervention%20and%20major%20life%20events. Can you change your personality?]</ref>}}
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| − | The article ''How to Become a New Person Through Neuroplasticity'' states:
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| − | {{Cquote| In ''Atomic Habits'', James Clear expands on this idea and suggests that changing your habits requires not only changing your thought patterns, but your underlying beliefs about yourself. If you want to change yourself to be more assertive, for example, but deep down you still believe you are a timid person, the changes you make toward being assertive will not last.)
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| − | According to Dispenza, when an emotion lasts more than a few hours, it becomes a mood. When it lasts more than a few days, it becomes a temperament. When it lasts years, it becomes a personality trait. Replacing a negative personality trait with a positive one, then, requires changing the emotions that eventually build to that trait.<ref>[https://www.shortform.com/blog/how-to-become-a-new-person/#:~:text=According%20to%20Joe%20Dispenza%2C%20our,thinking%2C%20feeling%2C%20and%20behavior. How to Become a New Person Through Neuroplasticity]</ref>}}
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| − | Some of the key ways an individual can improve their personality is through improving:<ref>[https://www.personalitieslab.com/articles/improve-personality 9 Tips to improve your personality], Personality Labs website]</ref><ref>[https://www.betterup.com/blog/activities-for-personality-development Activities for personality development: 15 ways to grow] by By Erin Eatough, PhD</ref>
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| − | *Listening skills
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| − | *Expanding one's interests
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| − | *Empathy and increasing praise of others
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| − | *Self-confidence
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| − | *Communication skills
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| − | *Positive/constructive thinking ability
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| − | *Level of integrity
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| − | *Assertiveness skills
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| − | *Stepping out of one's comfort zone
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| − | *Creativity and intellectual curiosity
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| − | *Journaling to increase self-awareness
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| − | *Teamwork skills though team activities and social networking
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| − | *Level of feedback from others (Mentors, coaching and asking others for feedback)
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| − | == Personality disorders ==
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| − | ''See also:'' [[Personality disorder]]
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| − | About 9% of the population has at least one personality disorder.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542325/ Histrionic Personality Disorder], National Library of Medicine</ref>
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| − | :• [[Paranoid personality disorder]] is a pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others' motives are interpreted as malevolent.
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| − | :• [[Schizoid personality disorder]] is a pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.
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| − | :• Schizotypal personality disorder is a pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior.
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| − | :• Antisocial personality disorder is a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.
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| − | :• [[Borderline personality disorder]] is a pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity.
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| − | :• [[Histrionic personality disorder]] is a pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking.
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| − | :• [[Narcissistic personality disorder]] is a pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy.
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| − | :• [[Avoidant personality disorder]] is a pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation.
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| − | :• Dependent personality disorder is a pattern of submissive and clinging behavior related to an excessive need to be taken care of.
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| − | :• [[Obsessive compulsive disorder|Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder]] is a pattern of preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control." [ibid.]
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| − | === Individuals with more than one personality disorder ===
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| − | According to the American Psychiatry Association: "Technically, according to DSM-5*, a person can receive more than one personality disorder diagnosis. People who are diagnosed with a personality disorder most often qualify for more than one diagnosis. A person with a severe personality disorder might meet the criteria for four, five or even more disorders! In practice, clinicians usually recognize that meeting more criteria for personality disorders means more severe disorder."<ref>[https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/personality-disorders/expert-q-and-a#:~:text=Technically%2C%20according%20to%20DSM%2D5,five%20or%20even%20more%20disorders! Expert Q&A: Personality Disorders], American Psychiatry Association</ref>
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| − | Anthony D. Smith LMHC indicates:
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| − | {{Cquote|It's no secret that some personality disorders (PDO) have significant similarities. The Narcissistic and Antisocial share a lack of empathy and tendency for rage; Borderlines and Dependents have profound fears of abandonment and clingy behavior; the Schizoid and Avoidant are socially anxious and unassertive.
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| − | Despite the glaring similarities, careful differential diagnosis can yield one "pure" personality disorder. However, it's most common that patients exhibit a mixed presentation (APA, 2013) such as Antisocial with some Paranoid PDO characteristics, or in fact meet full criteria for two or more PDOs (e.g., Grant et al., 2005; Millon, 2011; Skewes et al., 2015).
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| − | Readers familiar with PDOs may notice that the above examples are both intra-cluster and inter-cluster (see below regarding personality disorder organization). Indeed, the PDO cluster boundaries are permeable. Grant (2005) noted that this is common, with both inter- and intra-cluster PDO combinations being "... pervasive in the general U.S. population."
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| − | Personality Disorder Organization
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| − | Generally, personality disorders are categorized under three different umbrellas, or themes, and the collection of disorders under each umbrella is called a cluster. They are arranged in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) as follows:
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| − | *Cluster A are PDOs with a semi-psychotic theme. These include the Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid.
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| − | *Cluster B are PDOs with a common theme of dramatic behavior/entitlement/moodiness/poor impulse control. This includes the Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and Narcissistic.
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| − | *Cluster C are PDOs with an anxious-depressed common theme. Here we find the Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive/Perfectionistic.<ref>[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/and-running/202111/can-person-have-more-one-personality-disorder Can a Person Have More Than One Personality Disorder?] by Anthony D. Smith</ref>}}
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| − | == Toxic personality traits ==
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| − | ''See also:'' [[Toxic personality traits]]
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| − | According to WebMD.com:
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| − | {{Cquote|If you know someone who’s difficult and causes a lot of conflict in your life, you may be dealing with a [[Toxic personality traits|toxic person]]. These people can create lots of stress and unpleasantness for you and others, not to mention emotional or even physical pain.
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| − | A toxic person is anyone whose behavior adds negativity and upset to your life. Many times, people who are toxic are dealing with their own stresses and traumas. To do this, they act in ways that don’t present them in the best light and usually upset others along the way.
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| − | Toxicity in people isn’t considered a mental disorder. But there could be underlying mental problems that cause someone to act in toxic ways, including a [[personality disorder]].<ref>[https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/signs-toxic-person Signs of a Toxic Person], WebMD.com</ref>}}
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| − | === Symptoms of a toxic person ===
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| − | [[File:Angry man on the phone.jpg|thumbnail|400px|right|[[Narcissistic rage]] is an outburst of intense anger or silence that can happen to someone with narcissistic personality disorder.<ref>[https://www.healthline.com/health/mental-health/narcissistic-rage ''What Is Narcissistic Rage, and What’s the Best Way to Deal with It?''], Healthline.com</ref>
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| − | Some of the characteristics of [[psychopath]]s are being angry, rash, impulsive, and oppositional (among others).<ref>[https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/fulfillment-at-any-age/202210/what-everyone-should-understand-about-the-dark-triad#:~:text=Depicted%20as%20three%20overlapping%20circles,and%20oppositional%20(among%20others). What Everyone Should Understand About the Dark Triad], Psychology Today website, 2022</ref>
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| − | Reduced empathy, often seen in psychopathy, increases the prevalence of goal-directed aggression.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832681/ Traits of empathy and anger: implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression], ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London'', v.373(1744); 2018 Apr 19</ref> Psychopaths have a greater risk of suffering from irritability/reactive aggression.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832681/ Traits of empathy and anger: implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression], ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London'', v.373(1744); 2018 Apr 19</ref> Both decreased empathy and increased anger are associated with maladaptive aggression.<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5832681/ Traits of empathy and anger: implications for psychopathy and other disorders associated with aggression], ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London'', v.373(1744); 2018 Apr 19</ref>]]
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| − | Symptoms of a toxic person are:<ref>[https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/signs-toxic-person Signs of a Toxic Person], WebMD.com</ref><ref>[https://www.healthline.com/health/how-to-deal-with-toxic-people Do’s and Don’ts for Dealing with Toxic Behavior], Healthline.com</ref><ref>[https://www.heysigmund.com/toxic-people/ Toxic People: 12 Things They Do and How to Deal with Them] by the psychologist Karen Young</ref><ref>[https://psychcentral.com/health/things-you-absolutely-must-know-about-toxic-people What to Know About People with Toxic Traits], PsychCentral.com</ref>
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| − | '''1.''' Inconsistent behavior
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| − | '''2.''' They always need your attention
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| − | '''3.''' They are [[narcissism|narcissistic]]
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| − | '''4.''' There is always drama. According to WebMD.com: "Toxic people thrive in dramatic situations. They inflame emotions and create conflict. They love stirring the pot to see what happens. People are often toxic because they're not interested in being stable and healthy in relationships."<ref>[https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/signs-toxic-person Signs of a Toxic Person], WebMD.com</ref>
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| − | '''5.''' They lack empathy and are mean.
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| − | '''6.''' They don’t respect your boundaries
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| − | '''7.''' The are controlling
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| − | '''8.''' They manipulate others for what they want
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| − | '''9.''' They’ll make you prove yourself to them
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| − | '''10.''' They never apologise.
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| − | '''11.''' They’ll bring irrelevant detail into a conversation as a means of distraction and avoidance
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| − | '''12.''' They exaggerate. For example, they may frequently use the term "You always" or "You never"
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| − | '''13.''' They are dishonest
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| − | '''14.''' They are denialists
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| − | '''15.''' They abuse substances
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| − | == Dark Triad personality traits ==
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| − | ''See also:'' [[Dark Triad personality traits]]
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| − | According to the psychological theory of the [[Dark Triad personality traits|Dark Triad personality type]], the three Dark Triad personality subtypes are [[Subclinical (psychology)|subclinical]] [[Narcissistic personality disorder|narcissism]], [[Machiavellianism (psychology)|Machiavellianism]] and subclinical [[psychopath]].<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36256568/ Rethinking aversive personality: Decomposing the Dark Triad traits into their common core and unique flavors], ''Journal of Personality''. 2022 Oct 18. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12785. Online ahead of print.</ref><ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0092656602005056 The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy], ''Journal of Research in Personality'' Volume 36, Issue 6, December 2002, Pages 556-563</ref><ref>[https://www.britannica.com/science/dark-triad Dark triad - psychology], Encylopedia Britannica</ref>
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| − | "The “Dark Triad” personality traits are a toxic amalgamation of various negative traits and behaviors, such as they are domineering, violent, volatile, manipulative, remorseless, cynical, deceitful, etc."<ref>[https://archive.md/ElEdd#selection-245.0-245.56 How to Identify And Deal With a “Dark Triad” Personality]</ref>
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| − | Health.com states concerning people with dark triad traits and one of the best ways to deal with them: "...people with dark triad personality traits may be able to change, but the likelihood of that happening is "minuscule," noted Hokemeyer. "The personality traits that make up a dark triad are deeply ingrained in their psyche and highly resistant to any sort of challenge that would manifest a change. The best strategy is to move away from them as quickly as possible."<ref>[What Is the Dark Triad and Why Are People With These Traits So Dangerous?], Health.com, 2022</ref>
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| − | [[File:The Dark Triad Traits.jpg|thumbnail|800px|center|The dark triad personality traits and their various sub-traits.]]
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| − | {{Clear}}
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| − | [[File:Sculpture Narcissus.jpg|thumbnail|center|300px|Narcissists don't learn from their mistakes because they don't think they make any.<ref>[https://www.eurasiareview.com/23072020-narcissists-dont-learn-from-their-mistakes-because-they-dont-think-they-make-any/ Narcissists don't learn from their mistakes because they don't think they make any], Eurasia Review, 2020</ref> ]]
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| − | {{Clear}}
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| − | == Atheism and personhood ==
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| − | ''See also:'' [[Atheism and personhood]]
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| − | Under a [[Naturalism (philosophy)|naturalistic]], [[atheist worldview]], human beings a collection of [[atom]]s that are merely the outcome of an accidental collection of atoms.
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| − | In a naturalistic, atheistic worldview, the universe is merely the outcome of an accidental arrangement of atoms and eventually all the suns in the universe will eventually burn out (see: [[Atheism, agnosticism and pessimism]]). And unlike [[Bible]] believing [[Christianity|Christians]], there are atheists who actually assert the universe popped into existence from nothing (see: [[Atheism and the origin of the universe]]). For instance, the atheist [[Stephen Hawking]] asserted: "Because there is a law such as gravity, the universe can and will create itself from nothing".<ref>[https://creation.com/stephen-hawking-god Hawking atheopathy] by Jonathan Sarfati</ref>
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| − | === Atheism and consciousness ===
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| − | See: [[Atheism and consciousness]]
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| − | === Atheism and human worth ===
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| − | *[[Atheism and personhood#Atheism and human worth|Atheism and human worth]]
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| − | === Atheism and the devaluing of human life ===
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| − | *[[Atheism and personhood#Atheism and the devaluing of human life|Atheism and the devaluing of human life]]
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| − | == External links ==
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| − | *[https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-personality-2795416 How Personality Impacts Our Daily Lives] by Kendra Cherry, MSEd
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| − | ==References==
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| − | <references />
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| − | [[Category:Human Traits]]
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| − | [[Category:Psychology]]
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