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[[File:Fernand Braudel (1902-1985).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Fernand Braudel]]

[[File:Fernand Braudel (1902-1985).jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Fernand Braudel]]

''' Fernand Braudel''' (1902-1985), was the foremost [[French]] historian of the postwar era, and a leader of the [[Annales School]] which emphasizes geographical influences and very-long-term trends over the centuries, and rejects Marxist [[class conflict]] models. He organized his scholarship around three great projects, each worth several decades of intense study: "The Mediterranean" (1923–49, then 1949-66), "Civilization and Capitalism" (1955–79), and the unfinished "Identity of France" (1970–85). His reputation stems in part from his writings, but even more from his success in making the ''Annales'' School the most important engine of historical research in France and much of the world after 1950.

''' Fernand Braudel''' (1902–1985), was the foremost [[French]] historian of the postwar era, and a leader of the [[Annales School]] which emphasizes geographical influences and very-long-term trends over the centuries, and rejects Marxist [[class conflict]] models. He organized his scholarship around three great projects, each worth several decades of intense study: "The Mediterranean" (1923–49, then 1949–66), "Civilization and Capitalism" (1955–79), and the unfinished "Identity of France" (1970–85). His reputation stems in part from his writings, but even more from his success in making the ''Annales'' School the most important engine of historical research in France and much of the world after 1950.

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, "Under Fernand Braudel’s direction the Annales school promoted a new form of history, replacing the study of leaders with the lives of ordinary people and replacing examination of politics, diplomacy, and wars with inquiries into climate, demography, agriculture, commerce, technology, transportation, and communication, as well as social groups and mentalities. While aiming at a “total history,” it also yielded dazzling microstudies of villages and regions. Its international influence on historiography has been enormous."<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fernand-Braudel Fernand Braudel]</ref>

According to Encyclopædia Britannica, "Under Fernand Braudel’s direction the Annales school promoted a new form of history, replacing the study of leaders with the lives of ordinary people and replacing examination of politics, diplomacy, and wars with inquiries into climate, demography, agriculture, commerce, technology, transportation, and communication, as well as social groups and mentalities. While aiming at a “total history,” it also yielded dazzling microstudies of villages and regions. Its international influence on historiography has been enormous."<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fernand-Braudel Fernand Braudel]</ref>

==Career==

==Career==

==La Méditerranée==

==La Méditerranée==

Braudel had already started archival research on his doctorate on the Mediterranean when he fell under the influence of the [[Annales School]] around 1938 when he entered the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes as an instructor in history. He worked with [[Lucien Febvre]], who would later read the early versions of Braudel's magnum opus and provide him with editorial advice. At the outbreak of war in 1939, he was called up and subsequently taken prisoner by the Germans, 1940-45. While a prisoner of war Braudel was without access to his books or notes; he relied on his prodigious memory to contemplate and draft his work.   

Braudel had already started archival research on his doctorate on the Mediterranean when he fell under the influence of the [[Annales School]] around 1938 when he entered the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes as an instructor in history. He worked with [[Lucien Febvre]], who would later read the early versions of Braudel's magnum opus and provide him with editorial advice. At the outbreak of war in 1939, he was called up and subsequently taken prisoner by the Germans, 1940–45. While a prisoner of war Braudel was without access to his books or notes; he relied on his prodigious memory to contemplate and draft his work.   

In 1949 he was elected to the Collège de France upon Lucien Febvre’s retirement. In 1947, with Febvre and Charles Morazé, Braudel founded the famous Sixième Section for ‘Economic and social sciences’ at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. He retired in 1968, and in 1983 was elected to the Académie française.  

In 1949 he was elected to the Collège de France upon Lucien Febvre's retirement. In 1947, with Febvre and Charles Morazé, Braudel founded the famous Sixième Section for ‘Economic and social sciences’ at the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes. He retired in 1968, and in 1983 was elected to the Académie française.  

==La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II ==

==La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II ==

[[File:Braudel1.jpg|thumb|180px]] His first and greatest book, ''La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II'' (1949) (''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II'') was his most influential.  The Mediterranean legacy in Europe included cultivated crops consumption habits, monotheistic religion, and mental and cultural tools such as the language, laws, and pretensions of the state, as well as urbanism, the prestige of the written word, and the instruments of chronology. The culture ceased to be dominant in the 15th or 16th century, but the new [[Atlantic History|Atlantic culture]] embodied much of it and extended its elements to Siberia, the Americas, and the Antipodes.

[[File:Braudel1.jpg|thumb|180px]] His first and greatest book, ''La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II'' (1949) (''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II'') was his most influential.  The Mediterranean legacy in Europe included cultivated crops consumption habits, monotheistic religion, and mental and cultural tools such as the language, laws, and pretensions of the state, as well as urbanism, the prestige of the written word, and the instruments of chronology. The culture ceased to be dominant in the 15th or 16th century, but the new [[Atlantic History|Atlantic culture]] embodied much of it and extended its elements to Siberia, the Americas, and the Antipodes.

===Books and articles by Braudel===

===Books and articles by Braudel===

* Braudel, Fernand. ''La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II'' (1949) (translated as ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II'' [https://www.amazon.com/Mediterranean-World-Age-Philip-Vol/dp/0520203089/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197885241&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search vol. 1])  

* Braudel, Fernand. ''La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II'' (1949) (translated as ''The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II'' [https://www.amazon.com/Mediterranean-World-Age-Philip-Vol/dp/0520203089/ref=sr_1_2?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197885241&sr=1-2 excerpt and text search vol. 1])  

* Braudel, Fernand.  "Histoire et Science Sociale: La Longue Durée" (1958) ''Annales E.S.C.,'' 13:4 Oct.-Déc. 1958, 725-753

* Braudel, Fernand.  "Histoire et Science Sociale: La Longue Durée" (1958) ''Annales E.S.C.,'' 13:4 Oct.-Déc. 1958, 725–753

* Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilisation Matérielle, Economie et Capitalisme XVe-XVIIIe Siècle'' (3 vol. 1979) (translated as ''Capitalism and Material Life''; [https://www.amazon.com/Civilization-Capitalism-15th-18th-Century-Vol/dp/0520081145/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197885337&sr=1-1  excerpt and text search vol. 1]; [https://www.amazon.com/Perspective-World-Civilization-Capitalism-15Th-18th/dp/0520081161/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197885337&sr=1-6 excerpt and text search vol 3])  

* Braudel, Fernand. ''Civilisation Matérielle, Economie et Capitalisme XVe-XVIIIe Siècle'' (3 vol. 1979) (translated as ''Capitalism and Material Life''; [https://www.amazon.com/Civilization-Capitalism-15th-18th-Century-Vol/dp/0520081145/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197885337&sr=1-1  excerpt and text search vol. 1]; [https://www.amazon.com/Perspective-World-Civilization-Capitalism-15Th-18th/dp/0520081161/ref=sr_1_6?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197885337&sr=1-6 excerpt and text search vol 3])  

* Braudel, Fernand. ''Ecrits sur l'histoire'' (1969), reprinted essays; translated as ''On History,'' (1980) [https://www.amazon.com/History-Fernand-Braudel/dp/0226071510/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197753580&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

* Braudel, Fernand. ''Ecrits sur l'histoire'' (1969), reprinted essays; translated as ''On History,'' (1980) [https://www.amazon.com/History-Fernand-Braudel/dp/0226071510/ref=sr_1_3?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197753580&sr=8-3 excerpt and text search]

* Braudel, Fernand. "Personal Testimony." ''Journal of Modern History'' 1972 44(4): 448-467. Issn: 0022-2801 Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/view/00222801/di955004/95p0416f/0 Jstor]

* Braudel, Fernand. "Personal Testimony." ''Journal of Modern History'' 1972 44(4): 448–467. Issn: 0022-2801 Fulltext: [http://www.jstor.org.proxy.cc.uic.edu/view/00222801/di955004/95p0416f/0 Jstor]

* Braudel, Fernand.  ''The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible'' (1981),  

* Braudel, Fernand.  ''The Structures of Everyday Life: The Limits of the Possible'' (1981),  

* Braudel, Fernand.  ''The Identity of France: History and Environment; People and Production'' (2 vols., 1988–90)

* Braudel, Fernand.  ''The Identity of France: History and Environment; People and Production'' (2 vols., 1988–90)

==Bibliography==

==Bibliography==

* Aurell, Jaume. "Autobiographical Texts as Historiographical Sources: Rereading Fernand Braudel and Annie Kriegel." ''Biography'' 2006 29(3): 425-445. Issn: 0162-4962 Fulltext: [[Project Muse]]

* Aurell, Jaume. "Autobiographical Texts as Historiographical Sources: Rereading Fernand Braudel and Annie Kriegel." ''Biography'' 2006 29(3): 425–445. Issn: 0162-4962 Fulltext: [[Project Muse]]

* Burke, Peter. ''The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School 1929-89,'' (1990), [https://www.amazon.com/French-Historical-Revolution-Contemporary-Thinkers/dp/0804718369/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197752813&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Burke, Peter. ''The French Historical Revolution: The Annales School 1929-89,'' (1990), [https://www.amazon.com/French-Historical-Revolution-Contemporary-Thinkers/dp/0804718369/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197752813&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Carrard, Philippe. "Figuring France: The Numbers and Tropes of Fernand Braudel," ''Diacritics'', Vol. 18, No. 3 (Autumn, 1988), pp.&nbsp;2–19 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0300-7162(198823)18%3A3%3C2%3AFFTNAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 in JSTOR]

* Carrard, Philippe. "Figuring France: The Numbers and Tropes of Fernand Braudel," ''Diacritics'', Vol. 18, No. 3 (Autumn, 1988), pp.&nbsp;2–19 [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0300-7162(198823)18%3A3%3C2%3AFFTNAT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 in JSTOR]

* Carrard, Philippe. ''Poetics of the New History: French Historical Discourse from Braudel to Chartier,'' (1992)

* Carrard, Philippe. ''Poetics of the New History: French Historical Discourse from Braudel to Chartier,'' (1992)

* Dosse, Francois. ''New History in France: The Triumph of the Annales,'' (1994, first French edition, 1987) [https://www.amazon.com/New-History-France-TRIUMPH-ANNALES/dp/0252063732/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197752869&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Dosse, Francois. ''New History in France: The Triumph of the Annales,'' (1994, first French edition, 1987) [https://www.amazon.com/New-History-France-TRIUMPH-ANNALES/dp/0252063732/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&s=books&qid=1197752869&sr=8-1 excerpt and text search]

* Harris, Olivia. "Braudel: Historical Time and the Horror of Discontinuity." ''History Workshop Journal'' 2004 (57): 161-174. Issn: 1363-3554 Fulltext: [[OUP]]  

* Harris, Olivia. "Braudel: Historical Time and the Horror of Discontinuity." ''History Workshop Journal'' 2004 (57): 161–174. Issn: 1363-3554 Fulltext: [[OUP]]  

* Hexter, J. H. "Fernand Braudel and the Monde Braudellien," ''Journal of Modern History,'' 1972, vol. 44, pp.&nbsp;480–539  [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801(197212)44%3A4%3C480%3AFBATMB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 in JSTOR]

* Hexter, J. H. "Fernand Braudel and the Monde Braudellien," ''Journal of Modern History,'' 1972, vol. 44, pp.&nbsp;480–539  [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801(197212)44%3A4%3C480%3AFBATMB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-6 in JSTOR]

* Hufton, Olwen. "Fernand Braudel", ''Past and Present,'' No. 112. (Aug., 1986), pp.&nbsp;208–213. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746(198608)112%3C208%3AFB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 in JSTOR]

* Hufton, Olwen. "Fernand Braudel", ''Past and Present,'' No. 112. (Aug., 1986), pp.&nbsp;208–213. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0031-2746(198608)112%3C208%3AFB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7 in JSTOR]

* Hunt, Lynn. "French History in the Last Twenty Years: the Rise and Fall of the Annales Paradigm." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 1986 21(2): 209-224. Issn: 0022-0094 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0094%28198604%2921%3A2%3C209%3AFHITLT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W  in Jstor]

* Hunt, Lynn. "French History in the Last Twenty Years: the Rise and Fall of the Annales Paradigm." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 1986 21(2): 209–224. Issn: 0022-0094 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-0094%28198604%2921%3A2%3C209%3AFHITLT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-W  in Jstor]

* Kaplan, Steven Laurence. "Long-Run Lamentations: Braudel on France," ''The Journal of Modern History,'' Vol. 63, No. 2, A Special Issue on Modern France. (Jun., 1991), pp.&nbsp;341–353. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28199106%2963%3A2%3C341%3ALLBOF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F in JSTOR]

* Kaplan, Steven Laurence. "Long-Run Lamentations: Braudel on France," ''The Journal of Modern History,'' Vol. 63, No. 2, A Special Issue on Modern France. (Jun., 1991), pp.&nbsp;341–353. [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2801%28199106%2963%3A2%3C341%3ALLBOF%3E2.0.CO%3B2-F in JSTOR]

* Kinser, Samuel. "Annaliste Paradigm? The Geo-historical Structuralism of Fernand Braudel." ''American Historical Review'' 1981 86(1): 63-105. Issn: 0002-8762 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28198102%2986%3A1%3C63%3AAPTGSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3  in Jstor]

* Kinser, Samuel. "Annaliste Paradigm? The Geo-historical Structuralism of Fernand Braudel." ''American Historical Review'' 1981 86(1): 63–105. Issn: 0002-8762 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-8762%28198102%2986%3A1%3C63%3AAPTGSO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3  in Jstor]

* Lai, Cheng-chung. "Braudel's Concepts and Methodology Reconsidered." ''European Legacy'' 2000 5(1): 65-86. Issn: 1084-8770 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Lai, Cheng-chung. "Braudel's Concepts and Methodology Reconsidered." ''European Legacy'' 2000 5(1): 65–86. Issn: 1084-8770 Fulltext: [[Ebsco]]

* Moon, David. "Fernand Braudel and the Annales School" [https://www.scribd.com/doc/185264/Fernand-Braudel-and-the-Annales-School online edition]  

* Moon, David. "Fernand Braudel and the Annales School" [https://www.scribd.com/doc/185264/Fernand-Braudel-and-the-Annales-School online edition]  

* Santamaria, Ulysses, and Bailey, Anne M. "A Note on Braudel's Structure as Duration." ''History and Theory'' 1984 23(1): 78-83. Issn: 0018-2656 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-2656%28198402%2923%3A1%3C78%3AANOBSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R  in Jstor]  

* Santamaria, Ulysses, and Bailey, Anne M. "A Note on Braudel's Structure as Duration." ''History and Theory'' 1984 23(1): 78–83. Issn: 0018-2656 Fulltext: [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-2656%28198402%2923%3A1%3C78%3AANOBSA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R  in Jstor]  

* Stoianovich, Traian. ''French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm,'' (1976)

* Stoianovich, Traian. ''French Historical Method: The Annales Paradigm,'' (1976)

* Wallerstein, Immanuel. "Time and Duration: The Unexcluded Middle" (1997) [http://www.binghamton.edu/fbc/iwtimdu.htm online version]

* Wallerstein, Immanuel. "Time and Duration: The Unexcluded Middle" (1997) [http://www.binghamton.edu/fbc/iwtimdu.htm online version]