Changes

== The Pact of Umar ==

== The Pact of Umar ==

According to the [[Islamic traditions]] , the Pact of Umar II(cc. 717) was a treaty negotiated between [[Caliph]] [[Umar II]] of the [[Umayyad Dynasty]] (d.720) and the [[Christians]] of [[Byzantine Syria|Syria]]. The Pact of Umar II, commonly referred to simply as "The Pact of Umar" capitalized on the negotiations between [[Umar Al Khittab]] of the [[Rashidun]] Caliphs and the [[Christian community]] in [[Byzantine Jerusalem]. The document served to cement the concept of the "protected status" ([[Dhimma]] in Arabic) for Jew's and Christians ruled by the Caliphate. The historicity of the document has been questioned extensively, however regardless of the circumstances of its actual transmission, it remains a formative concept in [[Islamic jurisprudence|Sharia]] to the present day.

According to the [[Islamic traditions]] , the Pact of Umar II (cc. 717) was a treaty negotiated between [[Caliph]] [[Umar II]] of the [[Umayyad Dynasty]] (d.720) and the [[Christians]] of [[Byzantine Syria|Syria]]. The Pact of Umar II, commonly referred to simply as "The Pact of Umar" capitalized on the negotiations between [[Umar Al Khittab]] of the [[Rashidun]] Caliphs and the [[Christian community]] in [[Byzantine Jerusalem]. The document served to cement the concept of the "protected status" ([[Dhimma]] in Arabic) for Jew's and Christians ruled by the Caliphate. The historicity of the document has been questioned extensively, however regardless of the circumstances of its actual transmission, it remains a formative concept in [[Islamic jurisprudence|Sharia]] to the present day.

 

== Source Text ==

== Source Text ==

Following is the translated source text used with permission from the "[[Internet Medieval Sourcebook]]" operated by [[Fordham University]].

Following is the translated source text used with permission from the "[[Internet Medieval Sourcebook]]" operated by [[Fordham University]].

Pact of Umar, 7th Century ?

                            '''Pact of Umar, 7th Century'''

from Al-Turtushi, Siraj al-Muluk, pp. 229-230.

                      ''Al-Turtushi, Siraj al-Muluk, pp. 229-230.''

We heard from 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ghanam [died 78/697] as follows: When Umar ibn al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, accorded a peace to the Christians of Syria, we wrote to him as follows:

We heard from 'Abd al-Rahman ibn Ghanam [died 78/697] as follows: When Umar ibn al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, accorded a peace to the Christians of Syria, we wrote to him as follows: