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Line 100: − − Studies indicate that resistance to ''many'' of the chemical pesticides currently used is increasing in some bedbug populations in many areas of North America.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref><ref>http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html</ref> This Resistance is genetically conferred to subsequent populations which then show resistance to other chemical tools within the same class of chemistry. Thus the problem involves all pyrethroids and is likely only to get worse.<ref>http://termidorpartners.com/store/Downloads/BASF-626-Bed-Bugs-Guide.pdf</ref> According to research at the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, some of the latest “super bedbugs” can survive for up to 16 days after being directly sprayed with currently used pesticides designed to kill insects immediately. − − Bedbugs have a cuticle on the outside of their body that is almost impenetrable to many insecticides used today, therefore the bugs do not pick up the dried residues of such very well. Bedbugs developed resistance to DDT in the 1950s, and then to its successors such as organophosphates like diazinon and malathion which were being used to clear up remaining infestations.<ref>http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1768&category=Environment</ref> DDT resistance can possibly lead to pyrethroid resistance, as both pesticide classes act on the same target site.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref> − − Before developing resistance, use of DDT dust, followed by malathion, diazinon, etc. (in addition to normal measures such as laundering), was effective in largely eradicating bedbugs in the recent past, as a single thorough application of these older insecticides typically worked as bugs succumbed after crawling or resting contact with previously treated surfaces. As most of today's sprays lack similar residual potency (and with many also being repellent), desiccant (drying) dust formulations may play an increasing role in eliminating and preventing bedbugs in harborage areas.<ref>[http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/bed-bugs-are-dusts-bed-bug-bullet ''Bed Bugs: Are Dusts the Bed Bug Bullet?''] Pest management professional, May, 2009</ref> Line 117:
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→Insecticides
===Insecticides===
===Insecticides===
[[Insecticide]]s known to kill bedbugs include [[deltamethrin]], a synthetic pyrethrin, one of many pyrethroids. Other chemicals include benseneacatate, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, fencalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, propoxur and resmethrin, not all of which are EPA approved. <ref>[http://www.bedbugbattleplan.com/content/view/42/33/ Bed Bug Insecticides]</ref> Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol also works as a contact killer, as do most insecticides while others also provide some degree of residual effectiveness. Insecticides are classified according to their application method: Crease and Crevice, Indoor Surface, Indoor Space, and Fumigation.<ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref> An additional factor is whether an insecticide repels bedbugs (causing migration if not killed), or not.
[[Insecticide]]s known to kill bedbugs include [[deltamethrin]], a synthetic pyrethrin, one of many pyrethroids. Other chemicals include benseneacatate, chlorfenapyr, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, fencalerate, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, phenothrin, propoxur and resmethrin, not all of which are EPA approved. <ref>[http://www.bedbugbattleplan.com/content/view/42/33/ Bed Bug Insecticides]</ref> Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol also works as a contact killer, as do most insecticides while others also provide some degree of residual effectiveness. Insecticides are classified according to their application method: Crease and Crevice, Indoor Surface, Indoor Space, and Fumigation.<ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref> An additional factor is whether an insecticide repels bedbugs (causing migration if not killed), or not.
A supplementary type of insecticide are Insect Growth Regulators (IGR’s), such as hydroprene and methoprene, which do not actually kill bedbugs, but instead work to prevent reproduction by disrupting the development of immature bedbugs, resulting in being unable to reproduce. This process takes longer but it can ensure an eventual end of the infestation, if contact with all bedbugs is made, but usually this chemical is used in conjunction with other insecticides.<ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref><ref>http://www.zoecon.com/pdfs/GentrolBedBug.pdf</ref>
A supplementary type of insecticide are Insect Growth Regulators (IGR’s), such as hydroprene and methoprene, which do not actually kill bedbugs, but instead work to prevent reproduction by disrupting the development of immature bedbugs, resulting in being unable to reproduce. This process takes longer but it can ensure an eventual end of the infestation, if contact with all bedbugs is made, but usually this chemical is used in conjunction with other insecticides.<ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref><ref>http://www.zoecon.com/pdfs/GentrolBedBug.pdf</ref>
Normally, it takes about ten years testing on rats and dogs for mutagenic effects and costs about $200 million for such a chemical to be approved by the EPA.
Normally, it takes about ten years testing on rats and dogs for mutagenic effects and costs about $200 million for such a chemical to be approved by the EPA.
====Natural insecticides====
Natural insecticides include orange oil, cedar oil, freshwater food-grade [[Diatomaceous earth]]. The latter rightly applied, can slowly work to control or kill bedbugs by cutting them as they travel, often resulting in their death by dehydration. Silica aerogel (a synthetic desiccant dust) mixed with chemical insecticides has reported to be highly effective,<ref>http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/bed-bugs-are-dusts-bed-bug-bullet</ref> especially when combined with a blend of bed bug alarm [[pheromones.]]<ref>[http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1603/033.046.0323 Journal of Medical Entomology, Addition of Alarm Pheromone Components Improves the Effectiveness of Desiccant Dusts Against Cimex lectularius]</ref> Lower humidity is recommended for using diatomaceous earth, and the manner of application as well as the source of diatomaceous earth can be a deciding factor in how well it works, and more research is needed to establish its effectiveness.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/11/australian-de-trial</ref>
Natural insecticides include orange oil, cedar oil, freshwater food-grade [[Diatomaceous earth]]. The latter rightly applied, can slowly work to control or kill bedbugs by cutting them as they travel, often resulting in their death by dehydration. Silica aerogel (a synthetic desiccant dust) mixed with chemical insecticides has reported to be highly effective,<ref>http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/bed-bugs-are-dusts-bed-bug-bullet</ref> especially when combined with a blend of bed bug alarm [[pheromones.]]<ref>[http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1603/033.046.0323 Journal of Medical Entomology, Addition of Alarm Pheromone Components Improves the Effectiveness of Desiccant Dusts Against Cimex lectularius]</ref> Lower humidity is recommended for using diatomaceous earth, and the manner of application as well as the source of diatomaceous earth can be a deciding factor in how well it works, and more research is needed to establish its effectiveness.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/11/australian-de-trial</ref>
====Resistance====
Studies indicate that resistance to ''many'' of the chemical pesticides currently used is increasing in some bedbug populations in many areas of North America.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref><ref>http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html</ref> This Resistance is genetically conferred to subsequent populations which then show resistance to other chemical tools within the same class of chemistry. Thus the problem involves all pyrethroids and is likely only to get worse.<ref>http://termidorpartners.com/store/Downloads/BASF-626-Bed-Bugs-Guide.pdf</ref> According to research at the University of Kentucky College of Agriculture, some of the latest “super bedbugs” can survive for up to 16 days after being directly sprayed with currently used pesticides designed to kill insects immediately.
Bedbugs have a cuticle on the outside of their body that is almost impenetrable to many insecticides used today, therefore the bugs do not pick up the dried residues of such very well. Bedbugs developed resistance to DDT in the 1950s, and then to its successors such as organophosphates like diazinon and malathion which were being used to clear up remaining infestations.<ref>http://www.earthfiles.com/news.php?ID=1768&category=Environment</ref> DDT resistance can possibly lead to pyrethroid resistance, as both pesticide classes act on the same target site.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/01/21/kdr-pyrethroid-resistance-widespread-in-u-s-bed-bug-populations/</ref>
Before developing resistance, use of DDT dust, followed by malathion, diazinon, etc. (in addition to normal measures such as laundering), was effective in largely eradicating bedbugs in the recent past, as a single thorough application of these older insecticides typically worked as bugs succumbed after crawling or resting contact with previously treated surfaces. As most of today's sprays lack similar residual potency (and with many also being repellent), desiccant (drying) dust formulations may play an increasing role in eliminating and preventing bedbugs in harborage areas.<ref>[http://www.mypmp.net/bed-bugs/bed-bugs-are-dusts-bed-bug-bullet ''Bed Bugs: Are Dusts the Bed Bug Bullet?''] Pest management professional, May, 2009</ref>
Repeat treatments with any insecticide are advised and are almost always necessary. Self-treatment is discouraged, and can make eradication much more difficult than when done by professional exterminators, trained in bedbug elimination. Spot treatment of bedbugs with chemical formulations can make matters worse by allowing them to disperse and or develop resistance to the insecticide used. Inhalation of all insecticides is to be avoided. Fogging is not advised, as besides the health risk to humans, they are considered to be less effective, and most contain pyrethroids, which has an associated excitatory flushing effect and by spraying into a space rather than harbourage, bugs are likely to disperse and can spread an infestation.<ref>[http://bedbugger.com/2007/05/30/bombs-dont-work-on-bed-bugs-citation-anyone/ Bombs and foggers don’t work on bed bugs and can make them worse]</ref>
Repeat treatments with any insecticide are advised and are almost always necessary. Self-treatment is discouraged, and can make eradication much more difficult than when done by professional exterminators, trained in bedbug elimination. Spot treatment of bedbugs with chemical formulations can make matters worse by allowing them to disperse and or develop resistance to the insecticide used. Inhalation of all insecticides is to be avoided. Fogging is not advised, as besides the health risk to humans, they are considered to be less effective, and most contain pyrethroids, which has an associated excitatory flushing effect and by spraying into a space rather than harbourage, bugs are likely to disperse and can spread an infestation.<ref>[http://bedbugger.com/2007/05/30/bombs-dont-work-on-bed-bugs-citation-anyone/ Bombs and foggers don’t work on bed bugs and can make them worse]</ref>