Changes

A '''newspaper''' is a regularly printed digest of [[news]] stories, investigative journalism, review, editorial opinion and feature articles. Major papers are published daily; minor ones weekly. They contain syndicated news from sources such as [[Associated Press]] and [[Reuters]], as well as features, as well as local reporting and advertising. The prestige papers have their own news bureaus in the state and national capital and other major cities. [[Image:WP-Bureau.jpg|thumb|270px|''Washington Post'' bureaus are located in the world's key news centers]]

A '''newspaper''' is a regularly printed digest of [[news]] stories, investigative journalism, review, editorial opinion and feature articles. Major papers are published daily; minor ones weekly. They contain syndicated news from sources such as [[Associated Press]] and [[Reuters]], as well as features, as well as local reporting and advertising. The prestige papers have their own news bureaus in the state and national capital and other major cities. [[Image:WP-Bureau.jpg|thumb|270px|''Washington Post'' bureaus are located in the world's key news centers]]

==Crisis of 2009==

==Crisis of 2009==

The newspaper industry is currently in decline around the world, because of the influence of 24 hour television news channels and the Internet as sources of news. The [[Recession of 2008]] hammered newspapers hard, because their main revenue source is advertising for new houses, jobs, automobiles and department stores, all of which cut back sharply.  Since December 2008, numerous major newspapers have entered bankruptcy, including the ''Chicago Tribune'',  ''Chicago Daily News,'' ''Los Angeles Times,'' and Minneapolis ''Star Tribune'', while Denver's ''Rocky Mountain News'' and Tucson's ''Citizen '' shut down; other major papers may follow them to the morgue.  [[Image:No-news.jpg|thumb|320px|left]]

The newspaper industry is currently in decline around the world, because of the influence of 24 hour television news channels and the Internet as sources of news. The [[Recession of 2008]] hammered newspapers hard, because their main revenue source is advertising for new houses, jobs, automobiles and department stores, all of which cut back sharply.  Since December 2008, numerous major newspapers have entered bankruptcy, including the ''Chicago Tribune'',  ''Chicago Daily News,'' ''Los Angeles Times,'' and Minneapolis ''Star Tribune'', while Denver's ''Rocky Mountain News'' and Tucson's ''Citizen '' shut down; other major papers may follow them to the morgue.  [[Image:No-news.jpg|thumb|320px|left]]

In terms of prestige newspapers, the ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'', are liberal, while the ''Wall Street Journal'' is conservative.  Local newspapers tend to be conservative. Prominent conservative viewpoints appear in the ''[[The Washington Times]]'', the ''[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]'', and the ''[[New Hampshire Union Leader]]''.  Some newspapers have changed their political slant over time: the ''[[New York Post]]'' has gone back and forth between a liberal slant and a conservative one, depending on its owner at the time, it currently has a conservative slant under the ownership of [[News Corporation]]. It endorsed [[Hillary Clinton]] in 2006, illustrating that newspapers can adapt their editorial views to the local market. Likewise the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' once had conservative editorial positions but is now more liberal.  

In terms of prestige newspapers, the ''[[The New York Times]]'' and ''[[The Washington Post]]'', are liberal, while the ''Wall Street Journal'' is conservative.  Local newspapers tend to be conservative. Prominent conservative viewpoints appear in the ''[[The Washington Times]]'', the ''[[Las Vegas Review-Journal]]'', and the ''[[New Hampshire Union Leader]]''.  Some newspapers have changed their political slant over time: the ''[[New York Post]]'' has gone back and forth between a liberal slant and a conservative one, depending on its owner at the time, it currently has a conservative slant under the ownership of [[News Corporation]]. It endorsed [[Hillary Clinton]] in 2006, illustrating that newspapers can adapt their editorial views to the local market. Likewise the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' once had conservative editorial positions but is now more liberal.  

[[Image:Nytrib1864.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The ''New York Tribune'' was the leading national newspaper; edited by [[Horace Greeley]], it spoke for the Republican Party; 1864 copy.]]

[[Image:Nytrib1864.jpg|thumb|300px|left|The ''New York Tribune'' was the leading national newspaper; edited by [[Horace Greeley]], it spoke for the Republican Party; 1864 copy.]]

===Dailies===

===Dailies===

In 1850-1950 most cities, even small ones, had several daily newspapers, each catering to a political party or faction. The trend in recent years has been toward consolidation as cities are no longer being able to support so many newspapers. [[Washington, D.C.]], for example, now has only two daily newspapers. Another trend in recent years is the [[proliferation]] of free weekly newspapers. These make their money selling advertising and are distributed to readers free of charge.  Many of these free weeklies are socially liberal.

In 1850-1950 most cities, even small ones, had several daily newspapers, each catering to a political party or faction. The trend in recent years has been toward consolidation as cities are no longer being able to support so many newspapers. [[Washington, D.C.]], for example, now has only two daily newspapers. Another trend in recent years is the [[proliferation]] of free weekly newspapers. These make their money selling advertising and are distributed to readers free of charge.  Many of these free weeklies are socially liberal.

Hamilton set uip his own stable of Federalist papers. His editor in New York City was [[Noah Webster]].  In 1793, Hamilton loaned him $1500 to move to New York City and edit a newspaper for the new [[Federalist Party]]. In December Webster  founded New York's first daily newspaper, ''American Minerva'' (later known as ''The Commercial Advertiser''). He edited it for four years, writing the equivalent of 20 volumes of articles and editorials. He also published the semi-weekly publication, ''The Herald, A Gazette for the country'' (later known as ''The New York Spectator''). As a partisan, he soon was denounced by the Democratic-Republicans as "a pusillanimous, half-begotten, self-dubbed patriot," "an incurable lunatic," and "a deceitful newsmonger ... Pedagogue and Quack."  Fellow Federalist Cobbett labeled him "a traitor to the cause of Federalism", calling him "a toad in the service of sans-cullottism," "a prostitute wretch," "a great fool, and a barefaced liar," "a spiteful viper," and "a maniacal pedant." The master of words was distressed. Even the use of words like "the people," "democracy," and "equality" in public debate bothered him, for such words were "metaphysical abstractions that either have no meaning, or at least none that mere mortals can comprehend." <ref>Joseph Ellis, ''After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture'' (1979) pp 199, 206.</ref>

Hamilton set uip his own stable of Federalist papers. His editor in New York City was [[Noah Webster]].  In 1793, Hamilton loaned him $1500 to move to New York City and edit a newspaper for the new [[Federalist Party]]. In December Webster  founded New York's first daily newspaper, ''American Minerva'' (later known as ''The Commercial Advertiser''). He edited it for four years, writing the equivalent of 20 volumes of articles and editorials. He also published the semi-weekly publication, ''The Herald, A Gazette for the country'' (later known as ''The New York Spectator''). As a partisan, he soon was denounced by the Democratic-Republicans as "a pusillanimous, half-begotten, self-dubbed patriot," "an incurable lunatic," and "a deceitful newsmonger ... Pedagogue and Quack."  Fellow Federalist Cobbett labeled him "a traitor to the cause of Federalism", calling him "a toad in the service of sans-cullottism," "a prostitute wretch," "a great fool, and a barefaced liar," "a spiteful viper," and "a maniacal pedant." The master of words was distressed. Even the use of words like "the people," "democracy," and "equality" in public debate bothered him, for such words were "metaphysical abstractions that either have no meaning, or at least none that mere mortals can comprehend." <ref>Joseph Ellis, ''After the Revolution: Profiles of Early American Culture'' (1979) pp 199, 206.</ref>

By 1796, both parties had a national network of newspapers, which attacked each other vehemently.  In 1802 the New York ''Evening Post,'' with large amounts of advertising by Federalist merchants, published a daily edition for 1100 subscribers in the city, and a weekly edition that circulated to 1600 subscribers nationwide. The Federalist and Republican newspapers of the 1790s traded vicious barbs. Hamilton's vices, both personal and political, were favorite targets.

By 1796, both parties had a national network of newspapers, which attacked each other vehemently.  In 1802 the New York ''Evening Post,'' with large amounts of advertising by Federalist merchants, published a daily edition for 1100 subscribers in the city, and a weekly edition that circulated to 1600 subscribers nationwide. The Federalist and Republican newspapers of the 1790s traded vicious barbs. Hamilton's vices, both personal and political, were favorite targets.

====Chicago====

====Chicago====

Late-19th-century big city newspapers such as the ''Chicago Daily News'' - founded in 1875 by Melville E. Stone - ushered in an era of news reporting that was, unlike earlier periods, in tune with the particulars of community life in specific cities. Vigorous competition between older and newer-style city papers soon broke out, centered on civic activism and sensationalist reporting of urban political issues and the numerous problems associated with rapid urban growth. In Chicago competition was especially fierce between the ''Chicago Times'' (Democratic),  the ''Chicago Tribune,'' (Republican) and the ''Daily News'' (independent), with the latter becoming the city's most popular paper by the 1880s.<ref>David Paul Nord, "Read All about It"" ''Chicago History'' 2002 31(1): 26-57. Issn: 0272-8540  </ref>

Late-19th-century big city newspapers such as the ''Chicago Daily News'' - founded in 1875 by Melville E. Stone - ushered in an era of news reporting that was, unlike earlier periods, in tune with the particulars of community life in specific cities. Vigorous competition between older and newer-style city papers soon broke out, centered on civic activism and sensationalist reporting of urban political issues and the numerous problems associated with rapid urban growth. In Chicago competition was especially fierce between the ''Chicago Times'' (Democratic),  the ''Chicago Tribune,'' (Republican) and the ''Daily News'' (independent), with the latter becoming the city's most popular paper by the 1880s.<ref>David Paul Nord, "Read All about It"" ''Chicago History'' 2002 31(1): 26-57. Issn: 0272-8540  </ref>

===20th century===

===20th century===

====Yellow Journalism====

====Yellow Journalism====

Both [[Joseph Pulitzer]] and [[William Randolph Hearst]] are associated with bringing yellow journalism into American society through their newspapers in the later half of the nineteenth century.  The prominence of yellow journalism was especially notable in coverage of the Spanish occupation of [[Cuba]] and Pulitzer and Hearst took credit for the [[Spanish American War]] that followed, but historians dispute the claim. Their papers reached only New York City readers, and it was the rest of the country that demanded war in 1898.

Both [[Joseph Pulitzer]] and [[William Randolph Hearst]] are associated with bringing yellow journalism into American society through their newspapers in the later half of the nineteenth century.  The prominence of yellow journalism was especially notable in coverage of the Spanish occupation of [[Cuba]] and Pulitzer and Hearst took credit for the [[Spanish American War]] that followed, but historians dispute the claim. Their papers reached only New York City readers, and it was the rest of the country that demanded war in 1898.

==Newspapers in the Internet Age: 1970-2009==

==Newspapers in the Internet Age: 1970-2009==

===Rapid decline in circulation===

===Rapid decline in circulation===

===Corporate turmoil===

===Corporate turmoil===

After 1950 newspaper readership grew slower than the population. After 1990 the number of readers started to decline.  The number of papers also declined, especially as afternoon papers collapsed in the face of television news. However sales of advertising remained strong and profits were still high. In 2002, newspapers reported advertising revenues of $44 billion. According to Morton Research, a market analysis firm, in 2003, the 13 major publicly traded newspaper companies earned an average pretax profit margin of 19 percent.<ref> journalism.org (2005)</ref>

After 1950 newspaper readership grew slower than the population. After 1990 the number of readers started to decline.  The number of papers also declined, especially as afternoon papers collapsed in the face of television news. However sales of advertising remained strong and profits were still high. In 2002, newspapers reported advertising revenues of $44 billion. According to Morton Research, a market analysis firm, in 2003, the 13 major publicly traded newspaper companies earned an average pretax profit margin of 19 percent.<ref> journalism.org (2005)</ref>

===Comics===

===Comics===

Newspapers do have one advantage over news channels that have helped them stay afloat: there is no way to send [[comics]] over the airwaves. Therefore, newspapers make money by publishing comic strips like "For Better Or For Worse", "Mallard Fillmore", and the popular "Mutts".  

Newspapers do have one advantage over news channels that have helped them stay afloat: there is no way to send [[comics]] over the airwaves. Therefore, newspapers make money by publishing comic strips like "For Better Or For Worse", "Mallard Fillmore", and the popular "Mutts".  

With the notable exception of ''Viet Mercury'', a five-year-old, 35,000-circulation weekly Vietnamese-language paper published by Knight Ridder's ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'', U.S. media companies have generally eschewed the Asian market even though daily papers in Chinese, Korean or Vietnamese are thriving in New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles and other cities.  The Mandarin-language ''World Journal'', which distributes from San Francisco to Toronto and states a circulation (unaudited) of 350,000. ''World Journal''; its biggest competitor, ''Sing Tao'' (181,000 circulation unaudited); and ''Korea Times'' (254,000, also unaudited) are owned by international media giants based in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Seoul, respectively.<ref>Tim Porter, "Dismantling the Language Barrier" ''American Journalism Review'' October/November 2003 [http://spanish.about.com/b/a/031319.htm online]</ref>

With the notable exception of ''Viet Mercury'', a five-year-old, 35,000-circulation weekly Vietnamese-language paper published by Knight Ridder's ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]'', U.S. media companies have generally eschewed the Asian market even though daily papers in Chinese, Korean or Vietnamese are thriving in New York, San Francisco, Los Angeles and other cities.  The Mandarin-language ''World Journal'', which distributes from San Francisco to Toronto and states a circulation (unaudited) of 350,000. ''World Journal''; its biggest competitor, ''Sing Tao'' (181,000 circulation unaudited); and ''Korea Times'' (254,000, also unaudited) are owned by international media giants based in Taiwan, Hong Kong and Seoul, respectively.<ref>Tim Porter, "Dismantling the Language Barrier" ''American Journalism Review'' October/November 2003 [http://spanish.about.com/b/a/031319.htm online]</ref>

==Bibliography==

==Bibliography==

* Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. ''  Encyclopedia of American Journalism‎'' (2007) 636 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=Wo8IY5oMpX4C&dq=journalism+internet+newspapers&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]

* Vaughn, Stephen L., ed. ''  Encyclopedia of American Journalism‎'' (2007) 636 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=Wo8IY5oMpX4C&dq=journalism+internet+newspapers&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=2000&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]

   

   

===1780s-1830s===

===1780s-1830s===

* Humphrey, Carol Sue ''The Press of the Young Republic, 1783-1833'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-press-of-the-young-republic-1783-1833-by-carol-sue-humphrey.jsp online edition]

* Humphrey, Carol Sue ''The Press of the Young Republic, 1783-1833'' (1996) [http://www.questia.com/library/book/the-press-of-the-young-republic-1783-1833-by-carol-sue-humphrey.jsp online edition]

* Stacks, John F. ''Scotty: James B. Reston and the Rise and Fall of American Journalism.'' (2003)

* Stacks, John F. ''Scotty: James B. Reston and the Rise and Fall of American Journalism.'' (2003)

* Wolff,  Michael. ''The Man Who Owns the News: Inside the Secret World of Rupert Murdoch'' (2008) 446 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=_j4e3bI2DpYC&dq=newspaper+intitle:murdoch&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1995&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]

* Wolff,  Michael. ''The Man Who Owns the News: Inside the Secret World of Rupert Murdoch'' (2008) 446 pages [http://books.google.com/books?id=_j4e3bI2DpYC&dq=newspaper+intitle:murdoch&lr=&as_drrb_is=b&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=1995&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&num=30&as_brr=0&as_pt=ALLTYPES excerpt and text search]

==References==

==References==