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Line 141: − + − Botanical insecticides containing natural pyrethrins are sometimes employed, and repel and can “knock down” bed bugs for a some time, but natural pyrethrins deteriorate quickly and fail to provide the necessary residual action which some other materials supply. + − Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol also works as a contact killer, as do most insecticides while others also provide some degree of residual effectiveness. Insecticides are classified according to their application method: Crease and Crevice, Indoor Surface, Indoor Space, and Fumigation. An additional factor is whether an insecticide repels bed bugs (causing migration if not killed), or not.+ − A supplementary type of insecticide is that of Insect Growth Regulators (IGR’s), such as hydroprene (''Gentrol'') and methoprene, which do not actually kill bed bugs, but instead are said to work to prevent reproduction by disrupting the development of immature bed bugs, resulting in bed bugs being unable to reproduce. This process takes longer but it can ensure an eventual end of the infestation, if contact with all bed bugs is made, but usually this chemical is used in conjunction with other insecticides.<ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref><ref>http://www.zoecon.com/pdfs/GentrolBedBug.pdf</ref> + − + − Chlorfenapyr is part of a new class of chemicals called ''pyrroles'', which are technically pro-insecticide, meaning the biological activity depends on its activation to another chemical, in the case of bed bugs leads to lethargy and death. However, Phantom is not legal for sale to consumers in AK, CT, NY, MA, SC, and "is intended for use by individuals/ firms licensed or registered by the state to apply termiticide and general pest control products as a spot or crack and crevice spray"<ref>http://store.parsonspestcontrol.com/msds/Phantom_Label.pdf</ref> <ref>http://www.domyownpestcontrol.com/phantom-termiticideinsecticide-p-209.html</ref> And as it may require ten or more days to kill the bugs, during which the insect may still be active and females may wander and deposit viable eggs in other locations. + − Currently, microencapsulated materials such as contain esfenvalerate (''Onslaught'') or lamba-cyhalothrin (''Demand CS'') may offer the ''rapid'' reduction of susceptible populations.<ref>http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/bedbugs </ref> + − Also reported effective against some pyrethroid-resistant bugs were two pyrethroid-based dusts, (''Tempo Dust;'' ''Drione'') as well as diatomaceous earth.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/05/22/finally-researchers-on-the-efficacy-of-dusts/</ref>+ − Possibly the most effective agent against bed begs, with long residual effect, is propoxur (marketed under the registered trademark name Baygon) a carbamate pesticide with a somewhat murky regulatory history. In a test of its effectiveness against bed bugs, while some of today’s leading pesticides could not kill even half of the bugs, propoxur a well as chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate) killed them all in an hour. However, Propoxur is a neurotoxin, toxic to humans if ingested, and [[EPA]] research has found human nervous systems could be harmed, with infants and children being in the most danger. Serious overexposure can also cause death by cardiorespiratory depression.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html ''Bed Bugs: The Pesticide Dilemma'']</ref> It is therefore, like chlorpyrifos,<ref>http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/chlorpyrifos.htm</ref> banned by the EPA for use in locations where children may be present (residential buildings and hotels). Recently, the EPA denied a request by the state of Ohio to allow its use therein by licensed exterminators.<ref>http://bedbugger.com/2010/06/11/bed-bugs-cheer-ohios-propoxur-exemption-request-denied/</ref> + − Propoxur volatilizes in the air and can be absorbed into the blood weeks after application. It is also thought to be a cardiovascular or blood toxicant, a possible human carcinogen, a reproductive toxicant, and a neurotoxicant, due to its cholinesterase inhibiting properties, but it is not thought to be bioaccumulative.<ref>http://toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Propoxur</ref> +
→Chemical insecticides
Regarding the above classes being registered and intended for bedbug control (among other insects), on researcher (2007) found no organochlolines, and out of 341 organophosphates products, most had been cancelled, and only 24 products were available, with the active ingredient being either malathion or DDVP (dichlorvos), while out of 266 carbamate products, only 76 were still available, with the active ingredient being carbaryl.<ref>[http://waronbedbugs.blogspot.com/2007/03/tracing-cause-of-bedbug-epidemic.html "Tracing the cause of the bedbug epidemic]," The War on Bedbugs, Monday, March 19, 2007</ref>
Regarding the above classes being registered and intended for bedbug control (among other insects), on researcher (2007) found no organochlolines, and out of 341 organophosphates products, most had been cancelled, and only 24 products were available, with the active ingredient being either malathion or DDVP (dichlorvos), while out of 266 carbamate products, only 76 were still available, with the active ingredient being carbaryl.<ref>[http://waronbedbugs.blogspot.com/2007/03/tracing-cause-of-bedbug-epidemic.html "Tracing the cause of the bedbug epidemic]," The War on Bedbugs, Monday, March 19, 2007</ref>
The third and most widely used class is that of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, which come from the chrysanthemum plant. This class includes synthetic pyrethroids such as allethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin, esfenvalerate, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, d-phenothrin, imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, resmethrin, and tralomethrin, and which are contained in a variety of insecticides. This class is one of the least poisonous to mammals, and break down more rapidly (thus being more of a contact killer and having less residual effect) and works to control or kill insects by paralyzing their nervous system. However, these are considered less effective than many organophosphates and carbamates, and might be repellent to bedbugs. In addition bed bugs have now developed resistance to all pyrethroids labeled to control them. <ref>"Bed Bug Increase Due to Pesticide Regulation?'', University of Illinois Extension, Illinois Pesticide Review, May, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.bedbugbattleplan.com/content/view/42/33/ Bed Bug Insecticides]</ref> <ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/04/14/worked-17-years-ago/</ref>
The carbamate chlorfenapyr (marketed as ''Phantom'') is a relatively new non-pyrethrin material, which some claim has an overall greater long term effectiveness than pyrethrins,<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/08/12/the-workmanlike-chlorfenapyr</ref> with bed bug resistance being only a recent development.<ref>http://web.extension.illinois.edu/ipr/i6046_829.html#2</ref> Chlorfenapyr is a non-repellent, slower but virulent long-lasting residual killer.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.2002/abstract;jsessionid=0C9A4DABF17CB4DD010C0F263C46D8F3.d01t02 Alvaro Romero, Michael F Potter, Kenneth F Haynes, ''Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L''], Pest Management, Science</ref>
Chlorfenapyr is part of a new class of chemicals called ''pyrroles'', which are technically pro-insecticide, meaning the biological activity depends on its activation to another chemical, in the case of bed bugs leads to lethargy and death. However, due to its hazardous nature Phantom is not legal for sale to consumers in AK, CT, NY, MA, SC, and "is intended for use by individuals/ firms licensed or registered by the state to apply termiticide and general pest control products as a spot or crack and crevice spray."<ref>http://store.parsonspestcontrol.com/msds/Phantom_Label.pdf</ref> <ref>http://www.domyownpestcontrol.com/phantom-termiticideinsecticide-p-209.html</ref> And as it may require ten or more days to kill the bugs, during which the insect may still be active and females may wander and deposit viable eggs in other locations.
Another carbamate agent which appears to be most effective against bed begs, with long residual effect, is propoxur (marketed under the registered trademark name Baygon) a pesticide with a somewhat murky regulatory history. In a test of its effectiveness against bed bugs, while some of today’s leading pesticides could not kill even half of the bugs, propoxur as well as chlorpyrifos (an organophosphate) killed them all in an hour. However, Propoxur is a neurotoxin, toxic to humans if ingested, and [[EPA]] research has found human nervous systems could be harmed, with infants and children being in the most danger. Serious overexposure can also cause death by cardiorespiratory depression.<ref>[http://www.faqs.org/periodicals/201006/2054573271.html ''Bed Bugs: The Pesticide Dilemma'']</ref> It is therefore, like chlorpyrifos,<ref>http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/op/chlorpyrifos.htm</ref> banned by the EPA for use in locations where children may be present (residential buildings and hotels). Recently, the EPA denied a request by the state of Ohio to allow its use therein by licensed exterminators.<ref>http://bedbugger.com/2010/06/11/bed-bugs-cheer-ohios-propoxur-exemption-request-denied/</ref>
Propoxur volatilizes in the air and can be absorbed into the blood weeks after application. It is also thought to be a cardiovascular or blood toxicant, a possible human carcinogen, a reproductive toxicant, and a neurotoxicant, due to its cholinesterase inhibiting properties, but it is not thought to be bioaccumulative.<ref>http://toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Propoxur</ref>
The carbamate chlorfenapyr (marketed as ''Phantom'') is a relatively new non-pyrethrin material, which has overall greater long term effectiveness than pyrethrins,<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2010/08/12/the-workmanlike-chlorfenapyr</ref> with bed bug resistance being only a recent development.<ref>http://web.extension.illinois.edu/ipr/i6046_829.html#2</ref> Chlorfenapyr is a non-repellent, slower but virulent long-lasting residual killer.<ref>[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ps.2002/abstract;jsessionid=0C9A4DABF17CB4DD010C0F263C46D8F3.d01t02 Alvaro Romero, Michael F Potter, Kenneth F Haynes, ''Evaluation of chlorfenapyr for control of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius L''], Pest Management, Science</ref>
The third and most widely used class is that of pyrethrins and pyrethroids, which come from the chrysanthemum plant. This class includes synthetic pyrethroids such as allethrin, tetramethrin, permethrin, esfenvalerate, bifenthrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, d-phenothrin, imiprothrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, resmethrin, and tralomethrin, and which are contained in a variety of insecticides. This class is one of the least poisonous to mammals, and break down more rapidly (thus being more of a contact killer and having less residual effect) and works to control or kill insects by paralyzing their nervous system. However, these are considered less effective than many organophosphates and carbamates, and might be repellent to bedbugs. In addition bed bugs have now developed resistance to all pyrethroids labeled to control them. <ref>"Bed Bug Increase Due to Pesticide Regulation?'', University of Illinois Extension, Illinois Pesticide Review, May, 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.bedbugbattleplan.com/content/view/42/33/ Bed Bug Insecticides]</ref> <ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/04/14/worked-17-years-ago/</ref>
Currently, microencapsulated materials such as contain the pyrethroids esfenvalerate (''Onslaught'') or lambda-cyhalothrin (''Demand CS'') may offer the ''rapid'' reduction of susceptible populations.<ref>http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/bedbugs </ref>
Also reported effective against some pyrethroid-resistant bugs were two pyrethroid-based dusts, (''Tempo Dust;'' ''Drione'') as well as diatomaceous earth.<ref>http://newyorkvsbedbugs.org/2009/05/22/finally-researchers-on-the-efficacy-of-dusts/</ref>
Botanical insecticides containing natural pyrethrins are also sometimes employed, and repel and can “knock down” bed bugs for a some time, but natural pyrethrins deteriorate quickly and fail to provide the necessary residual action which some other materials supply.
Isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol also works as a contact killer, as do most insecticides while others also provide some degree of residual effectiveness. Insecticides are classified according to their application method: Crease and Crevice, Indoor Surface, Indoor Space, and Fumigation. An additional factor is whether an insecticide repels bed bugs (causing migration if not killed), or not.
A supplementary type of insecticide is that of Insect Growth Regulators (IGR’s), such as hydroprene (''Gentrol'') and methoprene, which do not actually kill bed bugs, but instead are said to work to prevent reproduction by disrupting the development of immature bed bugs, resulting in bed bugs being unable to reproduce. This process takes longer but it can ensure an eventual end of the infestation, if contact with all bed bugs is made, but usually this chemical is used in conjunction with other insecticides.<ref>http://www.bed-bug.org/insectisides-for-bed-bugs/</ref><ref>http://www.zoecon.com/pdfs/GentrolBedBug.pdf</ref>
Extensive testing determine the relative safety of insecticides (especially for mammals)is required before chemical insecticides may be registered for use, but which may result in some potentially effective and relatively safe products (perhaps such as Bendiocarb) from never being marketed. Dini M. Miller, Ph.D., an associate professor in Urban Pest Management at Virginia Tech's Department of Entomology, explains that,
Extensive testing determine the relative safety of insecticides (especially for mammals)is required before chemical insecticides may be registered for use, but which may result in some potentially effective and relatively safe products (perhaps such as Bendiocarb) from never being marketed. Dini M. Miller, Ph.D., an associate professor in Urban Pest Management at Virginia Tech's Department of Entomology, explains that,