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'''John Quincy Adams''' (b. July 11, 1767, d. February 23, 1848) was the sixth [[president of the United States of America]] and the son of American Founding Father [[John Adams]]. He served one term as president (1825–1829) and then returned to [[Congress]] where he spent the remainder of his political career fighting [[slavery]] as a moral evil.  He was the son of President [[John Adams]] and [[Abigail Adams]]. A precocious teenager who aided his father in diplomatic missions, at 26 he was appointed minister<ref>The title "ambassador" came into use much later.</ref> to [[the Netherlands]] by President [[George Washington]], then promoted to the Berlin Legation.  In 1802 Adams was elected to the US [[Senate]] and in 1808 he became the first U.S. minister of [[Russia]]. Adams served as one of the great secretaries of state under President [[James Monroe]], arranging with [[Britain]] for the joint occupation of the [[Oregon]] Country, obtaining from [[Spain]] the cessation of the [[Florida]]s, and helping to formulate the Monroe Doctrine.  He returned to Congress and became an outspoken opponent of slavery. Deeply troubled by slavery, Adams correctly predicted the dissolution of the Union on the issue, but was incorrect in predicting a series of bloody slave insurrections.

'''John Quincy Adams''' (July 11, 1767 – February 23, 1848) was the sixth [[president of the United States of America]] and the son of American Founding Father [[John Adams]]. He served one term as president (1825–1829) and then returned to [[Congress]] where he spent the remainder of his political career fighting [[slavery]] as a moral evil.  He was the son of President [[John Adams]] and [[Abigail Adams]]. A precocious teenager who aided his father in diplomatic missions, at 26 he was appointed minister<ref>The title "ambassador" came into use much later.</ref> to [[the Netherlands]] by President [[George Washington]], then promoted to the Berlin Legation.  In 1802 Adams was elected to the US [[Senate]] and in 1808 he became the first U.S. minister of [[Russia]]. Adams served as one of the great secretaries of state under President [[James Monroe]], arranging with [[Britain]] for the joint occupation of the [[Oregon]] Country, obtaining from [[Spain]] the cessation of the [[Florida]]s, and helping to formulate the Monroe Doctrine.  He returned to Congress and became an outspoken opponent of slavery. Deeply troubled by slavery, Adams correctly predicted the dissolution of the Union on the issue, but was incorrect in predicting a series of bloody slave insurrections.

Adams presented a vision of national greatness resting on economic growth and a strong federal government, but his presidency was not a success as he lacked political adroitness, popularity or a network of supporters, and ran afoul of politicians eager to undercut him.  Adams is best known as a diplomat who shaped American's foreign policy in line with his deeply conservative and ardently nationalist commitment to [[Republicanism|America's republican values]].  More recently he has been portrayed as the exemplar and moral leader in an era of modernization when new technologies and networks of infrastructure and communication brought to the people messages of religious revival, social reform, and party politics, as well as moving goods, money and people ever more rapidly and efficiently.<ref>See Howe (2007).</ref>

Adams presented a vision of national greatness resting on economic growth and a strong federal government, but his presidency was not a success as he lacked political adroitness, popularity or a network of supporters, and ran afoul of politicians eager to undercut him.  Adams is best known as a diplomat who shaped American's foreign policy in line with his deeply conservative and ardently nationalist commitment to [[Republicanism|America's republican values]].  More recently he has been portrayed as the exemplar and moral leader in an era of modernization when new technologies and networks of infrastructure and communication brought to the people messages of religious revival, social reform, and party politics, as well as moving goods, money and people ever more rapidly and efficiently.<ref>See Howe (2007).</ref>

   

   

==Early life==

==Early life==

Adams was born at Braintree, now Quincy, [[Massachusetts]], on July 11, 1767. He was the son of [[John Adams]], the second president of the United States, and [[Abigail Adams|Abigail Quincy Smith Adams]]. Abigail Adams proved to be a stern, disapproving mother while John Adams was the warmer, more loving parent. [[Alcoholism]] ruined Abigail's brothers (and later her younger son). To ensure her first-born son avoided a similar fate, she delivered a steady barrage of admonitions and criticisms to him throughout his life.<ref> When her health failed and she died in 1818, Secretary of State Adams said he was too busy to return to her bedside or attend the funeral.</ref>. His father could be harsh at times, admonishing the son: "You come into life with advantages which will disgrace you if your success is mediocre. If you do not rise to the head not only of your profession, but of your country, it will be owing to your own Laziness, Slovenliness and Obstinacy."<ref>Quoted in Paul C. Nagel, ''John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, A Private Life'' (1997) p. 76.</ref>  

Adams was born at Braintree, now Quincy, [[Massachusetts]], on July 11, 1767. He was the son of [[John Adams]], the second president of the United States, and [[Abigail Adams|Abigail Quincy Smith Adams]]. Abigail Adams proved to be a stern, disapproving mother while John Adams was the warmer, more loving parent. [[Alcoholism]] ruined Abigail's brothers (and later her younger son). To ensure her first-born son avoided a similar fate, she delivered a steady barrage of admonitions and criticisms to him throughout his life.<ref>When her health failed and she died in 1818, Secretary of State Adams said he was too busy to return to her bedside or attend the funeral.</ref>  His father could be harsh at times, admonishing the son: "You come into life with advantages which will disgrace you if your success is mediocre. If you do not rise to the head not only of your profession, but of your country, it will be owing to your own Laziness, Slovenliness and Obstinacy."<ref>Quoted in Paul C. Nagel, ''John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, A Private Life'' (1997) p. 76.</ref>  

===Education===

===Education===

===Young diplomat===

===Young diplomat===

When his father was sent as minister to Europe by the Continental Congress, young John Quincy Adams went with him.  He remained in Europe for the next nine years.  While in France he studied at the Passy Academy.  Later John Adams sent his son to Leiden University, where learned both Latin and Greek.  When American diplomat, Francis Dana, looked for a interpreter to travel with him to Russia, Adams, who knew Russian, volunteered.  He returned to his father in Hague, Holland.  Adams assisted his father, as a secretary, while his father served as American minister to several European nations.  He returned to America and attended Harvard College, graduating in 1787.  He then studied law.  After [[Thomas Paine]] wrote an anonymous pamphlet criticizing President [[George Washington]]'s policies, Adams wrote a series of anonymous articles called "Publicola", defending the president. They were so well done people assumed his father wrote them.  He worked in law for two years until appointed by Washington as U.S. minister to Holland. <ref> [[Encyclopedia of Presidents John Quincy Adams]] by Zachary Kent, Children's Press</ref>

When his father was sent as minister to Europe by the Continental Congress, young John Quincy Adams went with him.  He remained in Europe for the next nine years.  While in France he studied at the Passy Academy.  Later John Adams sent his son to Leiden University, where learned both Latin and Greek.  When American diplomat, Francis Dana, looked for a interpreter to travel with him to Russia, Adams, who knew Russian, volunteered.  He returned to his father in Hague, Holland.  Adams assisted his father, as a secretary, while his father served as American minister to several European nations.  He returned to America and attended Harvard College, graduating in 1787.  He then studied law.  After [[Thomas Paine]] wrote an anonymous pamphlet criticizing President [[George Washington]]'s policies, Adams wrote a series of anonymous articles called "Publicola", defending the president. They were so well done people assumed his father wrote them.  He worked in law for two years until appointed by Washington as U.S. minister to Holland.<ref>[[Encyclopedia of Presidents John Quincy Adams]] by Zachary Kent, Children's Press</ref>

==Public service==

==Public service==

==Rhetoric==

==Rhetoric==

Disowned by the Federalists and not fully accepted by the Republicans, Adams used his Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard as a new base.<ref> He was appointed in 1805, after turning down the presidency of Harvard.</ref> Adams' devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues. He remained inspired by classical rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation had been eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the Jacksonian Era. Many of Adams's idiosyncratic positions were rooted in his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator "speaking well" to promote the welfare of the polis.<ref> Lyon Rathbun, "The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams." ''Rhetorica'' (2000) 18(2): 175-215. </ref>

Disowned by the Federalists and not fully accepted by the Republicans, Adams used his Boylston Professorship of Rhetoric and Oratory at Harvard as a new base.<ref>He was appointed in 1805, after turning down the presidency of Harvard.</ref> Adams' devotion to classical rhetoric shaped his response to public issues. He remained inspired by classical rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation had been eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the Jacksonian Era. Many of Adams's idiosyncratic positions were rooted in his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator "speaking well" to promote the welfare of the polis.<ref>Lyon Rathbun, "The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams." ''Rhetorica'' (2000) 18(2): 175-215.</ref>

Adams was influenced by the classical republican ideal of civic eloquence espoused by British philosopher [[David Hume]].<ref> See David Hume, "Of Eloquence," in ''Essays, Political and Moral'' *1742)</ref> Adams adapted these classical republican ideals of public oratory to America, viewing the multilevel political structure as ripe for "the renaissance of Demosthenic eloquence." Adams's ''Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory'' (1810) looks at the fate of ancient oratory, the necessity of liberty for it to flourish, and its importance as a unifying element for a new nation of diverse cultures and beliefs. Just as civic eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, in the United States interest faded in the second decade of the 18th century as the "public spheres of heated oratory" disappeared in favor of the private sphere.<ref> Adam S. Potkay, "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams." ''Early American Literature'' (1999) 34(2): 147-170. </ref>

Adams was influenced by the classical republican ideal of civic eloquence espoused by British philosopher [[David Hume]].<ref>See David Hume, "Of Eloquence," in ''Essays, Political and Moral'' *1742)</ref> Adams adapted these classical republican ideals of public oratory to America, viewing the multilevel political structure as ripe for "the renaissance of Demosthenic eloquence." Adams's ''Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory'' (1810) looks at the fate of ancient oratory, the necessity of liberty for it to flourish, and its importance as a unifying element for a new nation of diverse cultures and beliefs. Just as civic eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, in the United States interest faded in the second decade of the 18th century as the "public spheres of heated oratory" disappeared in favor of the private sphere.<ref>Adam S. Potkay, "Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams." ''Early American Literature'' (1999) 34(2): 147-170.</ref>

==Politics 1820-24==

==Politics 1820-24==

==Elected president==

==Elected president==

As the [[United States presidential election of 1824|election of 1824]] drew near people began looking for candidates.  New England voters admired Adams' patriotism and political skills and it was mainly due to their support that he entered the race.  The old caucus system of the Jeffersonian Republicans had collapsed; indeed the entire [[First Party System]] had collapsed and the election was a free-for-all based on regional support.  Adams had a strong base in New England. His opponents included [[John C. Calhoun]], [[William Crawford]], [[Henry Clay]] and the hero of New Orleans, [[Andrew Jackson]].  During the campaign Calhoun dropped out, and Crawford fell ill giving further support to the other candidates.  When the election day came, Andrew Jackson won, although narrowly, the Popular and Electoral vote.  However, because no candidate received a clear majority, a vote in the U.S. House of Representatives was necessary.  Thanks to the support of Henry Clay, who realized he couldn't win the election, Adams held the majority of 13 states. <ref> [[Encyclopedia of Presidents John Quincy Adams]] by Zachary Kent, Children's Press</ref>

As the [[United States presidential election of 1824|election of 1824]] drew near people began looking for candidates.  New England voters admired Adams' patriotism and political skills and it was mainly due to their support that he entered the race.  The old caucus system of the Jeffersonian Republicans had collapsed; indeed the entire [[First Party System]] had collapsed and the election was a free-for-all based on regional support.  Adams had a strong base in New England. His opponents included [[John C. Calhoun]], [[William Crawford]], [[Henry Clay]] and the hero of New Orleans, [[Andrew Jackson]].  During the campaign Calhoun dropped out, and Crawford fell ill giving further support to the other candidates.  When the election day came, Andrew Jackson won, although narrowly, the Popular and Electoral vote.  However, because no candidate received a clear majority, a vote in the U.S. House of Representatives was necessary.  Thanks to the support of Henry Clay, who realized he couldn't win the election, Adams held the majority of 13 states.<ref>[[Encyclopedia of Presidents John Quincy Adams]] by Zachary Kent, Children's Press</ref>

When Adams took the Oath of Office at his Inauguration, he did not use a bible, even though he was religious. Instead, he swore the oath on a law book. According to his personal diary, he believed that since the oath was to uphold the United States Constitution and the laws of the country, the law book were appropriate.<ref>[http://fpc.state.gov/114510.htm Historical Perspectives on the Inaugural Swearing in Ceremony] Donald Kennon, Ph.D., Vice President for Scholarship and Education, U.S. Capitol Historical Society, January 14, 2009, Department of the State, retrieved September 1, 2012</ref>

When Adams took the Oath of Office at his Inauguration, he did not use a bible, even though he was religious. Instead, he swore the oath on a law book. According to his personal diary, he believed that since the oath was to uphold the United States Constitution and the laws of the country, the law book were appropriate.<ref>[http://fpc.state.gov/114510.htm Historical Perspectives on the Inaugural Swearing in Ceremony] Donald Kennon, Ph.D., Vice President for Scholarship and Education, U.S. Capitol Historical Society, January 14, 2009, Department of the State, retrieved September 1, 2012</ref>

Even more serious was the attack by the followers of Jackson, who accused him of being a partner to a "corrupt bargain" to obtain Clay's support in the election and then appoint him secretary of state. Refusing to play politics, Adams did little or nothing to build up a personal following committed to his re-election. He refused to discharge federal officeholders when they actively joined the opposition, and even considered appointing Jackson to his cabinet. Losing control of Congress in the elections of 1826, he still persisted in his independent policies and thus insured his own overwhelming defeat by Jackson two years later. He was particularly embittered by the unfounded accusations of fraud and extravagance made against him during the campaign by his opponents (not to mention the false accusation that he pimped for the Czar.)

Even more serious was the attack by the followers of Jackson, who accused him of being a partner to a "corrupt bargain" to obtain Clay's support in the election and then appoint him secretary of state. Refusing to play politics, Adams did little or nothing to build up a personal following committed to his re-election. He refused to discharge federal officeholders when they actively joined the opposition, and even considered appointing Jackson to his cabinet. Losing control of Congress in the elections of 1826, he still persisted in his independent policies and thus insured his own overwhelming defeat by Jackson two years later. He was particularly embittered by the unfounded accusations of fraud and extravagance made against him during the campaign by his opponents (not to mention the false accusation that he pimped for the Czar.)

The Adams administration recorded no major legislative, diplomatic, military or administrative achievements.  Congress did pass the high [[Tariff of 1828]]--the "tariff of abominations" that created a violent outcry especially in South Carolina.  Jackson defeated Adams in a landslide in 1828, and created the [[Democratic Party|the modern Democratic party]] and thus inaugurating the [[Second Party System]].

The Adams administration recorded no major legislative, diplomatic, military or administrative achievements.  Congress did pass the high [[Tariff of 1828]]—the "tariff of abominations" that created a violent outcry especially in South Carolina.  Jackson defeated Adams in a landslide in 1828, and created the [[Democratic Party|the modern Democratic party]] and thus inaugurating the [[Second Party System]].

One of his priorities while being the President was supporting many modernizing public projects such as military academies, universities, canals, and even an astronomical observatory. Congress always said no.  Adams was President when the 50th Independence day happened, on which both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died.

One of his priorities while being the President was supporting many modernizing public projects such as military academies, universities, canals, and even an astronomical observatory. Congress always said no.  Adams was President when the 50th Independence day happened, on which both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson died.

===Anti-slavery===

===Anti-slavery===

The "Old Man Eloquent," as he was called, won renewed respect throughout the North as an opponent of slavery. Although never an abolitionist, Adams fought the extension of slavery in the territories. The [[Missouri Compromise]] of 1820 provoked a series of intense debates on slavery between Adams and [[John C. Calhoun]] that changed them from admiring friends into bitter enemies. Both men were brilliant students of political philosophy, and both were committed to [[republicanism]].  Both recognized the necessity of reconciling republican government with the issues of slavery and race, Adams vilified the practice of slavery as inherently corrupt and un-republican and preached total abolition. Calhoun countered that the right to slavery not only should be protected from interference from the federal government but was fundamental to republican government. The national debate led both men to consider dissolution of the Union as a way of resolving the slavery issue. Their immovable stances signaled the similar uncompromising positions adopted by the North and the South in the decades to follow.<ref>Chandra Miller, "'Title Page to a Great Tragic Volume': the Impact of the Missouri Crisis on Slavery, Race, and Republicanism in the Thought of John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams." ''Missouri Historical Review''  (2000) 94(4): 365-388. Issn: 0026-6582 </ref>

The "Old Man Eloquent," as he was called, won renewed respect throughout the North as an opponent of slavery. Although never an abolitionist, Adams fought the extension of slavery in the territories. The [[Missouri Compromise]] of 1820 provoked a series of intense debates on slavery between Adams and [[John C. Calhoun]] that changed them from admiring friends into bitter enemies. Both men were brilliant students of political philosophy, and both were committed to [[republicanism]].  Both recognized the necessity of reconciling republican government with the issues of slavery and race, Adams vilified the practice of slavery as inherently corrupt and un-republican and preached total abolition. Calhoun countered that the right to slavery not only should be protected from interference from the federal government but was fundamental to republican government. The national debate led both men to consider dissolution of the Union as a way of resolving the slavery issue. Their immovable stances signaled the similar uncompromising positions adopted by the North and the South in the decades to follow.<ref>Chandra Miller, "'Title Page to a Great Tragic Volume': the Impact of the Missouri Crisis on Slavery, Race, and Republicanism in the Thought of John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams." ''Missouri Historical Review''  (2000) 94(4): 365-388. Issn: 0026-6582</ref>

Even more spectacular was his eight-year struggle against the Southern-inspired "gag resolutions," which sought to deny the presentation and the discussion of antislavery petitions in Congress. Repeatedly threatened by irate Southerners with disbarment from Congress, he courageously kept up the struggle and finally won the right of free petition in 1844. In a dramatic statement on the floor of the House, he protested, during a vote on the gag rule, "I hold the resolution to be a direct violation of the Constitution of the United States, the rules of this House, and the rights of my constituents." Adams was known for his sharp, insightful speeches, as well as his savage attacks of his opponents.  He was referred to as "the old man" just as often as "old man eloquent."  His battle against the gag rule finally bore fruit as it was eventually repealed.

Even more spectacular was his eight-year struggle against the Southern-inspired "gag resolutions," which sought to deny the presentation and the discussion of antislavery petitions in Congress. Repeatedly threatened by irate Southerners with disbarment from Congress, he courageously kept up the struggle and finally won the right of free petition in 1844. In a dramatic statement on the floor of the House, he protested, during a vote on the gag rule, "I hold the resolution to be a direct violation of the Constitution of the United States, the rules of this House, and the rights of my constituents." Adams was known for his sharp, insightful speeches, as well as his savage attacks of his opponents.  He was referred to as "the old man" just as often as "old man eloquent."  His battle against the gag rule finally bore fruit as it was eventually repealed.

====Missouri Compromise====

====Missouri Compromise====

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 provoked a series of intense debates between Adams and [[John C. Calhoun]] that would eventually transform them from admiring friends into bitter enemies. Both men recognized the necessity of reconciling republican government and the traditional values of the American Revolution with the issues of slavery and race. Adams vilified the practice of slavery and preached total abolition, while Calhoun countered that the right to slavery not only should be protected from interference from the federal government but was fundamental to republican government. The national debate led both men to consider dissolution of the Union as a way of resolving the slavery issue. Their immovable stances signaled the similar uncompromising positions adopted by the North and the South in the decades to follow.<ref> Chandra Miller, "'Title Page to a Great Tragic Volume': the Impact of the Missouri Crisis on Slavery, Race, and Republicanism in the Thought of John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams." ''Missouri Historical Review'' 2000 94(4): 365-388, not online</ref>

The Missouri Compromise of 1820 provoked a series of intense debates between Adams and [[John C. Calhoun]] that would eventually transform them from admiring friends into bitter enemies. Both men recognized the necessity of reconciling republican government and the traditional values of the American Revolution with the issues of slavery and race. Adams vilified the practice of slavery and preached total abolition, while Calhoun countered that the right to slavery not only should be protected from interference from the federal government but was fundamental to republican government. The national debate led both men to consider dissolution of the Union as a way of resolving the slavery issue. Their immovable stances signaled the similar uncompromising positions adopted by the North and the South in the decades to follow.<ref>Chandra Miller, "'Title Page to a Great Tragic Volume': the Impact of the Missouri Crisis on Slavery, Race, and Republicanism in the Thought of John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams." ''Missouri Historical Review'' 2000 94(4): 365-388, not online</ref>

====Amistad====

====Amistad====

===Death and legacy===

===Death and legacy===

He suffered a stroke on February 21, 1848 while on the House floor.  He died two days later in the evening of February 23, 1848 in the capital of Washington D.C. <ref> [[Encyclopedia of Presidents John Quincy Adams]] by Zachary Kent, Children's Press</ref>

He suffered a stroke on February 21, 1848 while on the House floor.  He died two days later in the evening of February 23, 1848 in the capital of Washington D.C.<ref>[[Encyclopedia of Presidents John Quincy Adams]] by Zachary Kent, Children's Press</ref>

The Adams funeral was the occasion for restoring new life into a country increasingly torn by sectional strife over slavery. The 19 days from Adams's death to his interment in the family tomb was a carefully scripted political pageantry, a dramatic expansion of American efforts to memorialize fallen leaders, and revealed a widespread intention and hope to unite the country once more around shared [[republican]] goals as expressed by the Founding Fathers.  

The Adams funeral was the occasion for restoring new life into a country increasingly torn by sectional strife over slavery. The 19 days from Adams's death to his interment in the family tomb was a carefully scripted political pageantry, a dramatic expansion of American efforts to memorialize fallen leaders, and revealed a widespread intention and hope to unite the country once more around shared [[republican]] goals as expressed by the Founding Fathers.  

    

    

===Primary sources===

===Primary sources===

* Adams, John Quincy. ''Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848'', 12 vols., edited by Charles Francis Adams (1874-77)

* Adams, John Quincy. ''Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848'', 12 vols., edited by Charles Francis Adams (1874–77)

** vol 1 [http://books.google.com/books?id=rBi7gsXtD0AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:06Y9qHmlVKqA5pOWt-eX5I online edition]

** vol 1 [http://books.google.com/books?id=rBi7gsXtD0AC&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:06Y9qHmlVKqA5pOWt-eX5I online edition]

** vol 2 [http://books.google.com/books?id=oGQFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:06Y9qHmlVKqA5pOWt-eX5I online edition]

** vol 2 [http://books.google.com/books?id=oGQFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:06Y9qHmlVKqA5pOWt-eX5I online edition]

** vol 10 [http://books.google.com/books?id=wQ4RL3gUcBAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:06Y9qHmlVKqA5pOWt-eX5I online edition]

** vol 10 [http://books.google.com/books?id=wQ4RL3gUcBAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:06Y9qHmlVKqA5pOWt-eX5I online edition]

** vol 11 [http://books.google.com/books?id=Df-Mso4UtAoC&printsec=titlepage&dq=inauthor:john+inauthor:quincy+inauthor:adams&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]

** vol 11 [http://books.google.com/books?id=Df-Mso4UtAoC&printsec=titlepage&dq=inauthor:john+inauthor:quincy+inauthor:adams&num=30&as_brr=1 online edition]

** vol 12 (1844-48) [http://books.google.com/books?id=HWYFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=inauthor:john+inauthor:quincy+inauthor:adams&num=30&as_brr=1#PPP4,M1 online edition]  

** vol 12 (1844–48) [http://books.google.com/books?id=HWYFAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage&dq=inauthor:john+inauthor:quincy+inauthor:adams&num=30&as_brr=1#PPP4,M1 online edition]  

* Adams, John Quincy. ''The Writings of John Quincy Adams.'' ed. by Worthington Chauncey Ford. (1913-1917). 7 vols.  

* Adams, John Quincy. ''The Writings of John Quincy Adams.'' ed. by Worthington Chauncey Ford. (1913-1917). 7 vols.  

[[Category:United States History]]

[[Category:United States History]]

[[Category:Slavery]]

[[Category:Slavery]]

[[category:diplomacy]]

[[Category:Diplomacy]]

[[category:Early National U.S.]]

[[Category:Early National U.S.]]

[[Category:War of 1812]]

[[Category:War of 1812]]

[[category:Jacksonian Democracy]]

[[Category:Jacksonian Democracy]]