Changes

The company was received with stiff opposition, sometimes violent opposition,  from the Dutch in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]) and the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. The Dutch excluded company members from the East Indies after the [[Amboina Massacre]] in 1623 (an incident in which English, Japanese, and Portuguese traders were executed by Dutch authorities), but the company’s defeat of the Portuguese in India (1612) won them concessions from the [[Mughal Empire]]. The company began a trade in cotton and silk goods, indigo, and saltpeter, with spices from South India. It extended its activities to the [[Persian Gulf]], [[Southeast Asia]], and East Asia.

The company was received with stiff opposition, sometimes violent opposition,  from the Dutch in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (now [[Indonesia]]) and the [[Portugal|Portuguese]]. The Dutch excluded company members from the East Indies after the [[Amboina Massacre]] in 1623 (an incident in which English, Japanese, and Portuguese traders were executed by Dutch authorities), but the company’s defeat of the Portuguese in India (1612) won them concessions from the [[Mughal Empire]]. The company began a trade in cotton and silk goods, indigo, and saltpeter, with spices from South India. It extended its activities to the [[Persian Gulf]], [[Southeast Asia]], and East Asia.

In the 1740s the cotton-goods trade began to decline, while [[tea]] became an important import from China. Beginning in the early 19th century, the company financed the tea trade with illegal [[opium]] exports to China. Chinese opposition to this trade precipitated the first of the [[Opium War|Opium Wars]] (1839–42), resulted in a Chinese defeat, and the expansion of British trading privileges; a second conflict, sometimes called the “Arrow” War (1856–60), brought increased trading rights for Europeans.

In the 1740s the cotton-goods trade began to decline, while [[tea]] became an important import from China. Beginning in the early 19th century, the company financed the tea trade with illegal [[opium]] exports to China. Chinese opposition to this trade precipitated the first of the [[Opium War]]s (1839–42), resulted in a Chinese defeat, and the expansion of British trading privileges; a second conflict, sometimes called the “Arrow” War (1856–60), brought increased trading rights for Europeans.

===Monopoly challenged===

===Monopoly challenged===

The original company faced opposition to its monopoly of all British trade in the region, and led to the establishment of a rival company and the eventually the merger of the two, as the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies, in 1708. The United Company was organized into a body of 24 directors who worked through committees. They were elected annually by the Court of Proprietors (shareholders). When the company acquired control of [[Bengal]] in 1757, Indian policy was until 1773 influenced by shareholders’ meetings, where votes could be bought by the purchase of shares. This led to government intervention via The Regulating Act of 1773 and Pitt’s India Act of 1784, both of which established government control of political policy through a regulatory board responsible to Parliament. All of this government intervention and control caused the company to gradually lose both commercial and political control. Its commercial monopoly was broken in 1813, and from 1834 forward, it was merely a managing agency for the British colonial government of India. After the Indian Mutiny of 1857 it no longer could perform that function, and it ceased to exist as a legal entity in 1873.

The original company faced opposition to its monopoly of all British trade in the region, and led to the establishment of a rival company and the eventually the merger of the two, as the United Company of Merchants of England Trading to the East Indies, in 1708. The United Company was organized into a body of 24 directors who worked through committees. They were elected annually by the Court of Proprietors (shareholders). When the company acquired control of [[Bengal]] in 1757, Indian policy was until 1773 influenced by shareholders’ meetings, where votes could be bought by the purchase of shares. This led to government intervention via The Regulating Act of 1773 and Pitt’s India Act of 1784, both of which established government control of political policy through a regulatory board responsible to Parliament. All of this government intervention and control caused the company to gradually lose both commercial and political control. Its commercial monopoly was broken in 1813, and from 1834 forward, it was merely a managing agency for the British colonial government of India. After the Indian Mutiny of 1857 it no longer could perform that function, and it ceased to exist as a legal entity in 1873.