Changes

== Asian Development Bank: The middle-income countries transition to high-income counties around the globe: Characteristics of graduation and slowdown ==

== Asian Development Bank: The middle-income countries transition to high-income counties around the globe: Characteristics of graduation and slowdown ==

The Asian Development Bank is a institution established in 1966 with 31 offices in the world designed to promote social and economic development in Asia. The Bank is headquartered in Manilla, [[Philippines]].

The Asian Development Bank is an institution established in 1966 with 31 offices in the world designed to promote social and economic development in Asia. The Bank is headquartered in Manilla, [[Philippines]].

The abstract for the Asian Development Bank 2015 paper entitled ''The Middle-Income Transition around the Globe: Characteristics of Graduation and Slowdown'' indicates:

The abstract for the Asian Development Bank 2015 paper entitled ''The Middle-Income Transition around the Globe: Characteristics of Graduation and Slowdown'' indicates:

{{Cquote|The paper investigates the situation of middle-income economies around the world. Since 1965, only 18 economies with a population of more than 3 million and not dependent on oil exports have made the transition to being high income. Many more have not been able to move beyond the middle-income stage. We conduct statistical tests of differences between two groups of economies across a range of growth and development variables. The results suggest that middle-income economies are particularly weak in the following areas: governance, infrastructure, savings and investment, inequality, and quality—but not quantity—of education. The findings are used to suggest whether the People’s Republic of China is successfully progressing through the middle-income stage or whether it may get caught in a middle-income trap.<ref>[https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/159840/adbi-wp519.pdf ''The Middle-Income Transition around the Globe: Characteristics of Graduation and Slowdown''] by Paul Vandenberg, Lilibeth Poot, and Jeffrey Miyamoto. Asian Development Bank. ADBI Working Paper Series. No. 519. March 2015</ref>}}

{{Cquote|The paper investigates the situation of middle-income economies around the world. Since 1965, only 18 economies with a population of more than 3 million and not dependent on oil exports have made the transition to being high-income. Many more have not been able to move beyond the middle-income stage. We conduct statistical tests of differences between two groups of economies across a range of growth and development variables. The results suggest that middle-income economies are particularly weak in the following areas: governance, infrastructure, savings and investment, inequality, and quality—but not quantity—of education. The findings are used to suggest whether the People’s Republic of China is successfully progressing through the middle-income stage or whether it may get caught in a middle-income trap.<ref>[https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/159840/adbi-wp519.pdf ''The Middle-Income Transition around the Globe: Characteristics of Graduation and Slowdown''] by Paul Vandenberg, Lilibeth Poot, and Jeffrey Miyamoto. Asian Development Bank. ADBI Working Paper Series. No. 519. March 2015</ref>}}

== Innovation and countries going from middle-income countries to high-income countries ==

== Innovation and countries going from middle-income countries to high-income countries ==