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Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park (view source)
Revision as of 22:27, January 14, 2008
, 22:27, January 14, 2008New page: right|thumb|250px|African forest elephant (''Loxodonta cyclotis'') The Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park occupies most of the eastern end of ...
[[Image:African forest elephant.jpg|right|thumb|250px|African forest elephant (''Loxodonta cyclotis'')]]
The [[Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park]] occupies most of the eastern end of the Bamingui-Bangoran province in the north of the [[Central African Republic]], on the international border with [[Chad]]. The park, measuring 6718 square miles, is large enough to include the entire basins of three rivers, grassy [[floodplain]]s, [[savannah]] and woodlands, as well as the [[wetland]]s associated with the rivers, and the [[sandstone]] '''Massif des Bongo'''.<ref>''Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park'' [http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/manovogounda.html World Heritage Site]. Accessed 14 January 2008</ref>
The park comprises of three distinct zones:
*grassy floodplains of the Bahr Aouk and Bahr Kameur rivers in the north
*transitional plain of bushy or wooded savannah with occasional small granite [[Tsodilo#Geology|inselbergs]] *the Massif des Bongo in the south.
The massif rises from the plain in a 100-200m [[escarpment]], and five major rivers (the ''Vakaga'', the ''Goro'', ''Gounda'', ''Koumbala'', and the ''Manovo'') flow through the park from the massif to the Bahr Aouk - Bahr Kameur floodplain in the north. The basins of the ''Goro'', ''Gounda'' and ''Koumbala'' all lie within the park, but their flow is intermittent near the end of the dry season, and they may only reach the Bahr Aouk and Bahr Kameur during the wettest months June and November.<ref>''Physical Features'' Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park [http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/manovo.html United Nations Environment Programme/World Conservation Monitoring Centre]. Accessed 14 January 2008</ref>
==Flora and fauna==
The park is the largest savannah park in west and central [[Africa]] and presents a broad range of habitat types ranging from riverside swamps through seasonally flooded flat river valleys where the trees and shrubs are confined to patches of higher ground and have to be both flood and fire resistant, to dense dry forest. The savannahs are heavily used by wildlife, especially [[ungulate]] herds. The lusher forests in deep high-banked valleys are home to many species of [[monkey]] and [[bird]]s. The rocky areas are used by [[baboon]]s, and the [[bamboo]] groves by shyer ungulates.
There are 57 known species of [[mammal]] in the park, including several threatened species such as the black rhinoceros and the African forest elephant. Illegal poaching of rhinoceros and elephant has been heavy, and has also seriously reduced the numbers of [[leopard]]s, [[crocodile]]s, [[lion]]s and [[hyaena]]s. Around 320 species of birds have been identified, including the African fish eagle, marabou [[stork]] and [[pelican]]s. On the plains, [[ostrich]] are common, moving to woodland to lay their eggs. Several species of bee-eater and kingfisher are present along the rivers.<ref>Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park UNEP/WCMC op cit</ref>
==World heritage==
As an "outstanding example representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial ecosystems and communities of plants and animals..., [containing] the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation", [[UNESCO]] inscribed the park as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1988.<ref>''The Criteria For Selection'' [http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ UNESCO]. Accessed 14 January 2008.</ref>
==Threats==
"The professional poaching of large mammals, particularly rhinoceros and elephant, is facilitated by a main national route which crosses the park. Some poachers come from within the country but most are from Chad and [[Sudan]], well supplied with automatic weapons since the civil wars in those countries. In 1997 uncontrolled poaching reached emergency levels, with heavily armed groups entering the park, setting up camp, and transporting [[bushmeat]] out by camel train. Four park staff were killed, and there was no effective anti-poaching force. In 1998, UNESCO stated that 80% of the park's wildlife had been harvested by poachers. The elephant population decreased by 75% between 1981 and 1984, and as few as ten black rhinoceros remained by 1988.
Two other factors cause concern: fire, whether initiated by grazers, poachers, hunters or guards, and grazing. Most illegal grazing occurs during the dry season, with huge numbers of cattle moving from the Nyala region of Sudan and from Chad which compete with the wildlife and can introduce disease. This is also affecting the composition of grasslands, with perennial species giving way under grazing pressure to annuals and herbs."<ref>''State of Preservation/Conservation'' Parc National du Manovo-Gounda St. Floris No475 (1988)</ref><ref>''Threats to the Site (1997)'' [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/475/threats/ UNESCO]. Accessed 14 January 2008</ref> The site was added to the List of World Heritage in Danger in 1997.
==External links==
*[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/475 UNESCO] Site entry. Accessed 14 January 2008
==References==
<small>{{reflist|1}}</small>
[[Category:World Heritage Sites]]
[[Category:Africa]]
The [[Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park]] occupies most of the eastern end of the Bamingui-Bangoran province in the north of the [[Central African Republic]], on the international border with [[Chad]]. The park, measuring 6718 square miles, is large enough to include the entire basins of three rivers, grassy [[floodplain]]s, [[savannah]] and woodlands, as well as the [[wetland]]s associated with the rivers, and the [[sandstone]] '''Massif des Bongo'''.<ref>''Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park'' [http://www.worldheritagesite.org/sites/manovogounda.html World Heritage Site]. Accessed 14 January 2008</ref>
The park comprises of three distinct zones:
*grassy floodplains of the Bahr Aouk and Bahr Kameur rivers in the north
*transitional plain of bushy or wooded savannah with occasional small granite [[Tsodilo#Geology|inselbergs]] *the Massif des Bongo in the south.
The massif rises from the plain in a 100-200m [[escarpment]], and five major rivers (the ''Vakaga'', the ''Goro'', ''Gounda'', ''Koumbala'', and the ''Manovo'') flow through the park from the massif to the Bahr Aouk - Bahr Kameur floodplain in the north. The basins of the ''Goro'', ''Gounda'' and ''Koumbala'' all lie within the park, but their flow is intermittent near the end of the dry season, and they may only reach the Bahr Aouk and Bahr Kameur during the wettest months June and November.<ref>''Physical Features'' Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park [http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/manovo.html United Nations Environment Programme/World Conservation Monitoring Centre]. Accessed 14 January 2008</ref>
==Flora and fauna==
The park is the largest savannah park in west and central [[Africa]] and presents a broad range of habitat types ranging from riverside swamps through seasonally flooded flat river valleys where the trees and shrubs are confined to patches of higher ground and have to be both flood and fire resistant, to dense dry forest. The savannahs are heavily used by wildlife, especially [[ungulate]] herds. The lusher forests in deep high-banked valleys are home to many species of [[monkey]] and [[bird]]s. The rocky areas are used by [[baboon]]s, and the [[bamboo]] groves by shyer ungulates.
There are 57 known species of [[mammal]] in the park, including several threatened species such as the black rhinoceros and the African forest elephant. Illegal poaching of rhinoceros and elephant has been heavy, and has also seriously reduced the numbers of [[leopard]]s, [[crocodile]]s, [[lion]]s and [[hyaena]]s. Around 320 species of birds have been identified, including the African fish eagle, marabou [[stork]] and [[pelican]]s. On the plains, [[ostrich]] are common, moving to woodland to lay their eggs. Several species of bee-eater and kingfisher are present along the rivers.<ref>Manovo-Gounda St. Floris National Park UNEP/WCMC op cit</ref>
==World heritage==
As an "outstanding example representing significant on-going ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of terrestrial ecosystems and communities of plants and animals..., [containing] the most important and significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity, including threatened species of outstanding universal value from the point of view of science or conservation", [[UNESCO]] inscribed the park as a [[World Heritage Site]] in 1988.<ref>''The Criteria For Selection'' [http://whc.unesco.org/en/criteria/ UNESCO]. Accessed 14 January 2008.</ref>
==Threats==
"The professional poaching of large mammals, particularly rhinoceros and elephant, is facilitated by a main national route which crosses the park. Some poachers come from within the country but most are from Chad and [[Sudan]], well supplied with automatic weapons since the civil wars in those countries. In 1997 uncontrolled poaching reached emergency levels, with heavily armed groups entering the park, setting up camp, and transporting [[bushmeat]] out by camel train. Four park staff were killed, and there was no effective anti-poaching force. In 1998, UNESCO stated that 80% of the park's wildlife had been harvested by poachers. The elephant population decreased by 75% between 1981 and 1984, and as few as ten black rhinoceros remained by 1988.
Two other factors cause concern: fire, whether initiated by grazers, poachers, hunters or guards, and grazing. Most illegal grazing occurs during the dry season, with huge numbers of cattle moving from the Nyala region of Sudan and from Chad which compete with the wildlife and can introduce disease. This is also affecting the composition of grasslands, with perennial species giving way under grazing pressure to annuals and herbs."<ref>''State of Preservation/Conservation'' Parc National du Manovo-Gounda St. Floris No475 (1988)</ref><ref>''Threats to the Site (1997)'' [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/475/threats/ UNESCO]. Accessed 14 January 2008</ref> The site was added to the List of World Heritage in Danger in 1997.
==External links==
*[http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/475 UNESCO] Site entry. Accessed 14 January 2008
==References==
<small>{{reflist|1}}</small>
[[Category:World Heritage Sites]]
[[Category:Africa]]