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==In Science and Logic==   

==In Science and Logic==   

For example, the well-proven theory that cigarettes cause [[lung cancer]] has the '''counterexample''' of the (rare) individual who might smoke his entire life and not develop lung cancer.  The counterexample does not disprove the theory.

A '''counterexample''' cannot disprove correlation or causation.  An example of flawed [[liberal logic]] is the use of a counterexample to argue that a theory is false, as in "I don't go to church and I'm not a bad person, and therefore church is not needed."

A '''counterexample''' cannot disprove correlation or causation.  An example of flawed [[liberal logic]] is the use of a counterexample to argue that a theory is false, as in "I don't go to church and I'm not a bad person, and therefore church is not needed."

Another example is the well-proven theory that cigarettes cause [[lung cancer]].  An '''counterexample''' of the (rare) individual who might smoke his entire life and not develop lung cancer.  The counterexample does not disprove the theory.

A theory of universality, such as the claim that ''all'' species [[theory of evolution|evolved]], can be disproved by just one '''counterexample''', such as a species (like the [[whale]]) that lacks a plausible evolutionary path.  See [[Counterexamples to Evolution]].

A theory of universality, such as the claim that ''all'' species [[theory of evolution|evolved]], can be disproved by just one '''counterexample''', such as a species (like the [[whale]]) that lacks a plausible evolutionary path.  See [[Counterexamples to Evolution]].