Neanderthal
The first fossil humanoid to be identified as such, and the best known, named after remains found in the Neanderthal valley in western Germany in 1856. Homo (sapiens) neanderthalensis is found throughout Europe and the Near East and also the remainder of the Old World in variant forms, during the late Middle and Upper Pleistocene circa 80,000 to 30,000 years ago. Within western Europe the remains are associated with the middle palaeolithic Mousterian stone tool industries that disappeared with the arrival of Cro-magnon man (early modern Humans.)
Anatomy
A Neanderthal was a fully erect biped of stocky build, with a long low skull, prominent brow ridges and occiputs, and a jutting face. Neanderthals were on average more muscular than humans and lacked a chin, they were social creatures living in small tribes, like the humans of their time, Neanderthals also possessed the skull features required for speech [1]. The popular impression of him as a stooping brute is incorrect and derives from the original poor reconstruction in the Neanderthal valley. It has also been suggested that the first individual found suffered from vitamin D deficiency (rickets) or syphilis. Whether Neanderthals did interbreed, or if this was even possible remains unknown, so far the small amounts of Neanderthal DNA found do not suggest a recent genetic link between the species [2].
Homo neanderthalensis also had an average brainsize of 1,450 cc with a range from 1,125cc to 1,750cc. Average modern humna brain size is 1,330cc. Many Neanderthal fossils have been recovered showing massive amounts of wear on the teeth, which to many physical anthropologists suggests that the teeth were regularly used for gripping skins during stretching and working.
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They never invented projectile weapons but relied on spears with limited range, even when facing large animals, their robust bodies enabled them to use this hunting style that was considered far too dangerous by humans.
A common hunting technique was to drive prey animals off a cliff, or corner them prey and finish them of with spears, much like today's Pygmees hunt elephants.
Evidence of care for the elderly and the sick has been found [3], they also used medicinal plants, made clothes out of animal skins and used stone tools. Neanderthals performed elaborate burying rituals, suggesting some sort of religion [4]. Interestingly archaeologists have never found Neanderthal cave drawings, although handcrafted art has been found [5].
History according to evolutionists
Evolutionists believe that Neanderthal man developed from Homo erectus, though the widespread distribution of intermediate forms hinders an attempt to resolve any single geographical locality as the place of development. The fate of Neanderthals is equally hard to determine, but they are believed to have gone extinct between 28,000 and 24,000 years ago [6], but how or why is unknown: many theories have been presented, these are the most common ones:
- Climate changes. [7]
- Competition with other humans over resources.[8]
- Their reliance on meat.[9]
- Assimilation into the larger human population.[10]
- An interspecies "Zeroth World War".[11]
Evolutionists consider it likely that a combination of at least some of these factors led to the extinction of the Neanderthals.
Neanderthal Man is not considered to be a direct ancestor of modern humans, but their remains are examples of transitional fossils along a subsidiary branch, an evolutionary dead end.[Citation Needed]
Creationist View
Young Earth Creationists believe that Neanderthals were as fully human as we are. Harsh conditions due to the Ice Age after the Great flood caused human groups to migrate and splinter off to survive. Neanderthal type traits were best suited for the harsh cold. Malnutrition and longer life spans could cause features similar to those seen in Neanderthal skeletons. [12]
References
- â Neanderthal Myths Neanderthal, Channel 4 [1]
- â Odd man out: Neanderthals and modern humans British Archaeology [2]
- â Neanderthals on Trial University of Minnesota, Duluth [3]
- â Early Man Andy Simmons [4]
- â Neanderthal 'face' found in Loire BBC News [5]
- â Neanderthals' 'last rock refuge' BBC News [6]
- â Climate Change Pushed Neanderthal Into Extinction In Iberian Peninsula GeneticArchaeology.com [7]
- â Did Use of Free Trade Cause Neanderthal Extinction? Newswise [8]
- â Meaty appetites may have caused Neanderthal extinction Science & Spirit [9]
- â The assimilation model, modern human origins in Europe and the extinction of Neanderthals Fred H. Smith, Ivor Jankovic, Ivor Karavanic [10]
- â Odd man out: Neanderthals and modern humans British Archaeology [11]
- â Neanderthals are still human [12]