House of Romanov

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The House of Romanov was the ruling family of Russia from 1613 to 1917. The first Romanov tsar was Michael I. His line ended with Empress Elizabeth, who died 1762. The succeeding Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp line was renamed as "Romanov" and is generally treated as a continuation of the dynasty. The last tsar was Nicholas II, who abdicated in 1917 at the start of the Russian Revolution.

Tsars of Russia (1613-1917)

House of Romanov (1613-1762)

  • Michael (r. 1613 - 1645), son of the patriarch of Moscow. He was chosen tsar by a Zemsky Sobor (assembly of the land).
  • Alexis (r. 1645 - 1676)
  • Feodor III (r. 1676 - 1682)
  • Ivan V (r. 1682 - 1696)
  • Peter I (r. 1682 - 1725), byname "Peter the Great." First tsar to be proclaimed emperor (1721). The succession law of 1722 provides that a tsar name his successor.
  • Catherine I (r. 1725 - 1727, co reigned from 1724 - 1725)
  • Anna of Russia (r. 1730 - 1740)
  • Ivan VI (r. 1740 - 1741)
  • Elizabeth (r. 1741 - 1762)

House of Romanov-Holstein-Gottorp (1762-1917)

  • Peter III (r. 1762 - 1762), son of Anna, daughter of Peter I, and Charles Frederick, duke of Holstein-Gottorp.
  • Catherine II (r. 1762 - 1796), wife of Peter III.
  • Paul (r. 1796 - 1801). Issued the Pauline Law in 1797. This law provides for succession by primogeniture among "dynasts" recognized by the imperial court.
  • Alexander I (r. 1801 - 1825) Victory over Napoleon in 1812 made Russia a European superpower.
  • Nicholas I (r. 1825 - 1855) The Decemberist revolt in 1825 and the Crimean War of 1853-1856 created interest in reform.
  • Alexander II (r. 1855 - 1881), the "tsar liberator" who emancipated the serfs in 1861.
  • Alexander III (r. 1881 - 1894) Sergei Witte supervised railway construction and encouraged foreign investment, which led to an industrial revolution.
  • Nicholas II (r. 1894 - 1917) The autocratic power of the tsar was limited by a parliament called the Duma, which was created in 1906. The country was defeated by Germany in World War I. The Russian Revolution ousted the tsar in 1917.

Heads of the House of Romanov (1917-present)

  • Tsar Nicholas II (1917-1918) (after abdication).
  • Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich (1924-1938). Proclaimed "curator of the throne" in 1922 and "emperor" in 1924.
  • Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich (1938-1992), son of Kirill.
  • Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna (1992-present),[1] daughter of Vladimir.

Nicholas II, his wife, and five children were killed at Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg, Siberia in July 1918 as the Bolsheviks hunted down the former imperial family.[2] Four princes were thrown down a mine shaft alive and then stoned to death.[3] After years of concealment and Bolshevik lies, investigator Nikolai Sokolov revealed the fate of the family in 1924.

The murder of Nicholas, his son Alexei, and his brother Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich left Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich as next in line. Many monarchists disliked Kirill or viewed him as a traitor. They refused to treat him as head of the house until Sokolov's report was published. When Kirill died in October 1938, the five most senior Romanovs signed a statement accepting his son Vladimir as his successor.[4]

Equal marriage dispute

When Vladimir died in 1992, Maria claimed the right to succeed as the only child of the last male dynast. Unlike the Romanovs of 1938, those of 1992 were sharply divided.[5] No other Romanov supports Maria's claim to be head of the House. This has less to do with the succession issue than with resentment stemming from the fact that she has refused to confirm their marriages and those of their parents.

According to the succession law:

“ Children born of a marriage between a person of the Imperial Family and a person not of corresponding dignity, that is not belonging to any royal or sovereign house, have no right of succession to the Throne.[6] ”
This requirement has proven troublesome for exiled royals.

In 1948, Vladimir married Princess Leonida Bagration-Mukhransky in Lausanne. The House of Bagration is one of the world's oldest families, ruling Georgia from 813 to 1801.[7] Russia and Georgia concluded a treaty affirming the royal status of the house in 1783.[8] As head of the House of Romanov, Vladimir had recognized the royal status of the Bagrations in 1946.[9]

In 1969, Vladimir issued a proclamation which declared that the marriages of other Romanov dynasts were not "equal" according to the rules of the House. They had married members of non-ruling noble families.[10] The succession law had an absolute preference for males, so this proclamation protected Maria's position as Vladimir's heir.[11]

Led by Nicholas Romanov, those slighted by Vladimir's proclamation formed the Romanov Family Association in 1979. This association included almost all the surviving Romanovs aside from Vladimir and Maria. As the Bagrations had been incorporated into the Russian nobility, Vladimir's own marriage was unequal, the association argued. Maria was thus not eligible to succeed. The association called for the dynasty's rules on equal marriage to be revised.[10]

Alternative scenarios

If Vladimir's marriage is treated as morganatic, then he was succeeded by Princess Vera Konstantinovna (1906–2001) in 1992 and by Princess Catherine Ivanovna (1915-2007) in 2001. Catherine died in 2007, which, in this scenario, would leave the head of the house position vacant.

Ignoring the logic of genealogical succession, the Romanov Family Association has named Prince Dimitri Romanovich (1926-2016), son of Prince Roman Petrovich, as head of the house.[12] Dimitri's mother was a Danish countess.

Reference

  1. ↑ "But most monarchist and monarchist historians consider Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna, who lives in Spain and France, to be the legitimate head of the house," Opfell, Olga S., Royalty Who Wait: The 21 Heads of Formerly Regnant Houses of Europe, 2001, p. 71.
    "Maria Vladimirovna is the most widely acknowledged pretender to the throne of Russia." "The Romanov Family Tree: Real Descendants and Wannabes," History.com, Oct. 12, 2018,
  2. ↑ "See inside Ipatiev House where the Russian Royals were executed," nine.com.au, Jul 19, 2017.
  3. ↑ Opfell, p. 75.
  4. ↑ These were Grand Duke Boris, Grand Duke Andrew, Grand Duke Dmitry, Prince Vsevelod, and Prince Gavriel. See Brien Horan, "The Russian Imperial Succession."
  5. ↑ With the succession in dispute, Almanach de Gotha does not recognize the claims of any current member of the House. It describes Vladimir as, "the last Head of the Imperial House of Russia." (James, John. Almanach de Gotha, 2016).
  6. ↑ Article 36, The Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire, 1906.
  7. ↑ The Japanese Imperial House is the only ruling house that is older than the Bagrations.
  8. ↑ "Treaty of Georgievsk," Russia-Georgia, 1783, ‘Her Imperial Majesty [Catherine II], graciously accept in supreme power and protection over the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti, promises in Her name and in the name of Her Heirs… to preserve forever on the Throne of the Kingdoms of Kartli and Kakhety [Georgia] the Serene Tsar Irakly, son of Theimouraz, and his Heirs and Descendants.’ Quoted by Brien Horan in "The Russian Imperial Succession."
  9. ↑ Horan.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Massie, Robert K., The Romanovs: The Final Chapter, 1995, p. 282.
  11. ↑ "Both sexes have the right of succession to the Throne; but this right belongs by preference to the male sex according to the principle of primogeniture; with the extinction of the last male issue, succession to the Throne passes to the female issue by right of substitution." Article 27, The Fundamental Laws of the Russian Empire (1906).
  12. ↑ "Living male descendants of Emperor Nicholas I," 15 September 2014. Romanov Family Association.
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