Pope Pius IX
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His Holiness, Pope Pius IX, Vicar of Christ (May 13, 1792-February 7, 1878) - born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti - was the Pope and leader of the Catholic church from June 16, 1846 to February 7, 1878 the longest reign in Church history. He convened the First Vatican Council, which declared the Pope was infallible under certain conditions.
He fought secularism in Italy and France, and helped the German Catholics defeat the Kulturkampf.
He was proclaimed a saint during the papacy of Pope John Paul II.
Further reading
- Chadwick, Owen. A History of the Popes, 1830-1914 (1998) online edition
- Hales, E. E. Y. Pio Nono. A Study in European Politics and Religion in the Nineteenth Century (1954), on Pope Pius IX onl;ine edition