Huns
The Huns were an Asiatic nomadic people, probably originating in Central Asia in what is now Kyrgizstan. They were excellent horsemen, almost living 'in the saddle', and moved their herds and flocks from one place to another on the steppes to graze the animals. They perfected the art of shooting their short, 'composite' bows from horseback, making them formidable warriors. British and American propaganda in World War I often attacked the Germans as barbaric Huns, using the myth that the Huns wee the ancestors of the Germans.
West from China
They attacked China, where they were known as 'Hsiong-nu'. They then turned west and began a journey eventually to Europe. They clashed with the Ostrogoths in the late 4th century AD, who were then living where the Ukraine now lies. This pushed the Ostrogoths and Visigoths (who lived west of the Ostrogoths, around the Carpathians/in Transylvania) into Roman territory and is regarded as a significant step towards the so-called 'Dark Ages'. This incursion signals the beginning of what is now known as the "Migration Period" of the Germanic tribes, or the Völkerwanderung.
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The Romans considered the Huns to be the most barbaric of all barbarians, and found their appearance repulsive (this was in part Roman opinion of ‘oriental’ features, but also many Steppe nomads used to bind the heads of their children to distort the shape of the skull as they grew up, and would sometimes slash their own faces to leave deliberate scars). Even the Goths thought that the Huns were descended from ‘witches and evil spirits’ from the East.
The most notorious leader of the Huns was Attila (406-453), the "Scourge of God", who having put the Balkans (to the very walls of Constantinople), France, and northern Italy, to fire and the sword, and then extracted tribute from the Romans to not ravage them any more.
Further reading
- Kelly, Christopher. The End of Empire: Attila the Hun and the Fall of Rome (2009) excerpt and text search
- Thompson, E. A. The Huns (1999) excerpt and text search
