Harvard University
Template:Nvrsty lft|thmb|300px|nnnbrg Hll, th frshmn dnng fclty, (cpyrght Hrvrd) Hrvrd nvrsty s prvt nvrsty lctd n Cmbrdg, Msschstts, bt thr mls wst f MT. t rnkd #1 n S Nws's 2009 "Ntnl nvrsts: Tp Schls" lst,<rf>http://cllgs.snws.rnkngsndrvws.cm/cllg/tms/2155</rf> nd s slly rnkd thr frst r scnd n mst lsts f smlr ntr.
Fndd n 1636 (s "Nw Cllg" t Cmbrdg; th schl rnmd tslf "Hrvrd Cllg" n 1639.), t s th ldst nstttn f hghr lrnng n th ntd Stts. t ws rgnlly fndd by Cngrgtnlsts fr th prps f trnng mnstrs.
Hrvrd s n f th ght schls n th vy Lg. Hrvrd ccpts pplctns frm hmschld chldrn.<rf>Chrstn xmnr, Spt. 2007, Vl 25, N 9, Pg. 12</rf>
Th Hrvrd nvrsty lbrrs cntn mr thn 16 mlln vlms nd s th lrgst nd mst mprtnt cdmc lbrry n th wrld. t bgn n th 1638 bqst f 400 bks frm Jhn Hrvrd ( yng clrgymn; th nvrsty ws nmd ftr hm). Th cr f th nvrsty's cllctns s fnd n Wdnr Lbrry, bt thr r 70 lbrrs n ll. t s rnwnd fr spcl cllctns f ncnbl, lw, nthrplgy, st sn stds, Slvc stds, Hbrc nd Jdc, mrcn hstry nd ltrtr, Brtsh nd rpn hstry nd ltrtr, ltrry mnscrpts, nd fn rts.
Th Hrvrd nvrsty Prss s ldng cdmc pblshr f schlrly mngrphs, nd hs pblshd mr thn 4,000 ttls, ncldng th Lb Clsscl Lbrry.
Hstry
Clnl
Wth sm 17,000 Prtns mgrtng t Nw nglnd by 1620, Hrvrd ws fndd by mnstrs wh rlzd th nd fr trnng clrgy fr th nw cmmnwlth, "chrch n th wldrnss." t ws nmd fr Jhn Hrvrd, ts frst bnfctr. t rcvd ts crprt chrtr n 1650 nd bcm nvrsty n 1780.
n th wrds f Hrvrd's fndrs:
- "ftr Gd hd crrd s sf t Nw nglnd, nd w ... rr'd cnvnnt plcs fr Gd's wrshp ... drdng t lv n lltrt Mnstry t th Chrchs, whn r prsnt Mnstrs shll l n th Dst ... t plsd Gd t str p th hrt f n Mr. Hrvrd, gdly gntlmn nd lvr f lrnng ... t gv th n hlf f hs stt ... twrds th rctng f cllg nd ll hs Lbrry."
thmb|300px|Hrvrd Cllg ws fndd n 1636 mkng Bstn th ntllctl cntr f Nw nglnd
Whn th cllg's frst prsdnt Hnry Dnstr bndnd Prtnsm n fvr f th Bptst fth n 1653, h prvkd cntrvrsy tht hghlghtd tw dstnct pprchs t dlng wth dssnt n th Msschstts By Clny. Th clny's Prtn ldrs, whs wn rlgn ws brn f dssnt frm mnstrm Chrch f nglnd, gnrlly wrkd fr rcncltn wth mmbrs wh qstnd mttrs f Prtn thlgy bt rspndd mch mr hrshly t trght rjctn f Prtnsm. Dnstr's cnflct wth th clny's mgstrts bgn whn h fld t hv hs nfnt sn bptzd, blvng, s nwly cnvrtd Bptst, tht nly dlts shld b bptzd. ffrts t rstr Dnstr t Prtn rthdxy fld, nd hs pstsy prvd ntnbl t clny ldrs wh hd ntrstd hm, n hs jb s Hrvrd's prsdnt, t phld th clny's rlgs mssn. Ths, h rprsntd thrt t th stblty f scty. Dnstr xld hmslf n 1654 nd mvd t nrby Plymth Clny, whr h dd n 1658.<rf> Tmthy L. Wd, "' Spk th Trth n th Fr f Gd': th Prtn Mngmnt f Dssnt Drng th Hnry Dnstr Cntrvrsy," Hstrcl Jrnl f Msschstts 2005 33(1): 1-19, </rf>
n 1692, th Prtn prchr ncrs Mthr bcm Prsdnt f Hrvrd. n f hs cts ws rplcng Rmn Clsscs wth bks by Chrstn thrs n thcs clsss, nd mntnng hgh stndrd f dscpln. Bth Hrvrd Cllg Lws f 1642 nd Hrvrd Cllg Lws f 1700 tstfy t ts rgnl hgh lvl f dscpln.<rf>Lws nd Sttts fr Stdnts f Hrvrd Cllg</rf> Stdnts wr rqrd t bsrv rls f ps dcrm ncncvbl n th nntnth cntry, nd ltmtly t prv thr ftnss fr th bchlr's dgr by shwng tht thy cld 'rd th rgnl f th ld nd Nw Tstmnt nt th Ltn tng, nd rslv thm lgclly.'<rf>Cttn Mthr, th Prtn prst", by Brrtt Wndll</rf>
Th rly mtt f Hrvrd ws Vrts Chrst t ccls, mnng "Trth Fr Chrst nd th Chrch." n th rly clsss hlf th grdts bcm mnstrs. By th 1760s th prprtn ws dwn t 15%. Tn t f th frst twlv prsdnts wr ls mnstrs. Systmtc thlgcl nstrctn ws ngrtd n 1721 nd by 1827 Hrvrd bcm ncls f thlgcl tchng n Nw nglnd.<rf>http://www.rfrnc.cm/brws/Hrvrd</rf>
Th dprtr f ncrs Mthr frm th prsdncy n 1701 mrkd th bgnnng f lng trm strggl btwn rthdxy nd lbrlsm. Hrvrd's frst sclr prsdnt ws Jhn Lvrtt, wh bgn hs trm n 1708. Lvrtt lft th crrclm lrgly ntct nd sght t kp th Cllg ndpndnt f th vrwhlmng nflnc f ny sngl sct <rf>Jhn Lvrtt - Hstry - ffc f th Prsdnt</rf>.
Svn lmn wr klld n th mrcn Rvltn. Lylsts wr tnmbrd svn t n by ptrts mng th grdts f Hrvrd nd, t th cnclsn f th wr, fnd thmslvs tsd f bth mrcn nd Brtsh scty, spclly lckng bsnss cntcts. Ptrts, hwvr, wr mch mr mxd n thr ltr crrs, wth sm gng n t wlth nd thrs rcdng nt bscrty. Jhn dms bcm th scnd prsdnt f th ntd Stts.<rf> Jck P. Grn, "Hrvrd Mn n Chngng Wrld," Msschstts Hstrcl Rvw 2007 9: 166-176, </rf>
19th cntry
Th tkvr f Hrvrd by th ntrns n 1805 rsltd n th sclrztn f th mrcn cllg. By 1850 Hrvrd ws th "ntrn Vtcn." Th "lbrls" (ntrns) lld thmslvs wth hgh Fdrlsts nd bgn t crt st f prvt scts nd nstttns mnt t shr p thr cltrl nd pltcl thrty, mvmnt tht prfgrd th mrgnc f th Bstn Brhmn clss. n th thr hnd, th thlgcl cnsrvtvs sd prnt md t rg fr th mntnnc f pn dbt nd dmcrtc gvrnnc thrgh dvrs pblc sphr, sng th lbrls' mvmnt s n ttmpt t crt cltrl lgrchy n ppstn t Cngrgtnlst trdtn nd rpblcn pltcl prncpls.<rf>Nl Brdy Mllr, "'Prpr Sbjcts fr Pblc nqry': th Frst ntrn Cntrvrsy nd th Trnsfrmtn f Fdrlst Prnt Cltr," rly mrcn Ltrtr 2008 43(1): 101-135; Brf Hstry f Chrstn nflnc n .S. Cllgs</rf>
n 1846, th ntrl hstry lctrs f Ls gssz wr cclmd bth n Nw Yrk nd n hs cmps t Hrvrd Cllg. gssz's pprch ws dstnctly dlst nd pstd mrcns' 'prtcptn n th Dvn Ntr' nd th pssblty f ndrstndng 'ntllctl xstncs.' gssz's prspctv n scnc cmbnd bsrvtn wth nttn nd th ssmptn tht n cn grsp th 'dvn pln' n ll phnmn. Whn t cm t xplnng lf-frms, gssz rsrtd t mttrs f shp bsd n prsmd rchtyp fr hs vdnc. Ths dl vw f knwldg ws n cncrt wth th tchngs f Cmmn Sns Rlsm drvd frm Scttsh phlsphrs Thms Rd nd Dgld Stwrt, whs wrks wr prt f th Hrvrd crrclm t th tm. Th pplrty f gssz's ffrts t 'sr wth Plt' prbbly ls drvd frm thr wrtngs t whch Hrvrd stdnts wr xpsd, ncldng Pltnc trtss by Rlph Cdwrth, Jhn Nrrs, nd, n Rmntc vn, Sml Clrdg. Th lbrry rcrds t Hrvrd rvl tht th wrtngs f Plt nd hs rly mdrn nd Rmntc fllwrs wr lmst s rglrly rd drng th 19th cntry s ths f th 'ffcl phlsphy' f th mr mprcl nd mr dstc Scttsh schl.<rf>Dvd K. Nrtns, "Ls gssz nd th Pltnst Stry f Crtn t Hrvrd, 1795-1846," Jrnl f th Hstry f ds 2005 66(3): 437-449, n JSTR</rf>
Chrls W. lt, prsdnt 1869-1909, lmntd th fvrd pstn f Chrstnty frm th crrclm whl pnng t t stdnt slf-drctn. Whl lt ws th mst crcl fgr n th sclrztn f mrcn hghr dctn, h ws mtvtd nt by dsr t sclrz dctn, bt by Trnscndntlst ntrn cnvctns. Drvd frm Wllm llry Chnnng nd Rlph Wld mrsn, ths cnvctns wr fcsd n th dgnty nd wrth f hmn ntr, th rght nd blty f ch prsn t prcv trth, nd th ndwllng Gd n ch prsn.<rf>Stphn P. Shmkr, "Th Thlgcl Rts f Chrls W. lt's dctnl Rfrms," Jrnl f ntrn nvrslst Hstry 2006-2007 31: 30-45, </rf>
Ftbll, rgnlly rgnzd by stdnts s n xtrcrrclr ctvty, ws bnnd twc by th nvrsty fr bng brtl nd dngrs sprt. Hwvr, by th 1880s, ftbll bcm dmnnt frc t th cllg s th lmn bcm mr nvlvd n th sprt. n 1882, th fclty frmd thr-mmbr thltc cmmtt t vrs ll ntrcllgt thltcs, bt, d t ncrsng stdnt nd lmn prssr, th cmmtt ws xpndd n 1885 t ncld thr stdnt nd thr lmn mmbrs. Th lmn's rl n th rs nd cmmrclztn f ftbll, th ldng mnymkr fr thltcs by th 1880s, ws vdnt n th fndrsng fr th frst stl-rnfrcd cncrt stdm. Th clss f 1879 dntd $100,000 - nrly n-thrd f th cst - t th cnstrctn f th 35,000-st stdm, whch ws cmpltd n 1903, wth th rmndr t b cllctd frm ftr tckt sls.<rf>Rnld . Smth, "Cmmrclzd ntrcllgt thltcs nd th 1903 Hrvrd Stdm," Nw nglnd Qrtrly, Vl. 78, N. 1 (Mr., 2005), pp. 26-48 n JSTR</rf>
xpnsn
vr th yrs, Hrvrd hs grwn t ncld nmbr f mjr schls.<rf>[1]</rf>
Thy ncld:
- rts nd Scncs
- ngnrng nd ppld Scncs
- Hrvrd Mdcl Schl
- Hrvrd Schl f Dntl Mdcn
- Hrvrd Bsnss Schl (Fndd n 1908, HBS ws rgnlly lctd n Hrvrd Yrd. Th prsnt cmps, wth ts sttly Grgn bldngs fllwng th gntl crv n th Bstn sd f th Chrls Rvr, ws ddctd n Jn f 1927.) <rf> Cmps. </rf>
- Grdt Schl f Dsgn
- Hrvrd Dvnty Schl
- Grdt Schl f dctn
- Jhn F. Knndy Schl f Gvrnmnt
- Hrvrd Lw Schl
- Rdclff nsttt fr dvncd Stdy
- Hrvrd Schl f Pblc Hlth
Hgh grds
n 2001, Hrvrd ws fcsd pn s prt f cntrvrsy n whch hgh, bt llgdly nwrrntd, GP's (Grd Pnt vrgs) wr wrdd. Whl n 1940 C-mns ws th mst cmmn GP t Hrvrd, nd n 1955 nly 15 prcnt f ndrgrdts hd GP f B-pls r hghr, n th yr 2000, 50% n f ll th grds gvn wr s r -mnss, wth jst sx prcnt bng C-plss r lwr. Mr thn 90 prcnt f th clss f 2001 hd rnd grd-pnt vrgs f B-mns r hghr.
bsrvrs pnt t tht ntrng frshmn typclly hv strght- vrgs n hgh schl, ST scrs nr 800 n ll flds, nd hv dmnstrtd n nsl blty t ngg n srs stdy. Th dys whn Hrvrd ncldd mny "Gntlmn C" stdnts thr fr scl ctvts r lng gn.
n Hrvrd Crmsn rtcl, ntd cnsrvtv Hrvrd prfssr Hrvy Mnsfld cntndd tht "Grd nfltn gt strtd … whn prfssrs rsd th grds f stdnts prtstng th wr n Vtnm..." "t tht tm, t, wht prfssrs, mbbng th sprt f th nw plcs f ffrmtv ctn, stppd gvng lw grds t blck stdnts, nd t jstfy r cncl ths, ls stppd gvng lw grds t wht stdnts." Th prblm ws ssntlly sn s th prdmnnc f th ntn f slf-stm, "n whch th prps f dctn s t mk stdnts fl cpbl nd 'mpwrd,' nd prfssrs shld hstt t pss jdgmnt n wht stdnts hv lrnd." Sch ssrtns rsltd n n smll cntrvrsy.
Hrvrd lmns nd thr Rss Dtht ttrbtd ths prblm prtly t sccnmc dffrncs, nd ntd tht "Hrvrd stdnts r crtvly lzy, gftd t wrkng smrtr rthr thn hrdr", bng brllnt lrgly n thr tctcs "t chv mxml GP n rtrn fr mnml ffrt." Fw ppl wh hv tght t Hrvrd gr wth Dtht's ntns.<rf>Rss Dtht, "Th Trth bt Hrvrd," Th tlntc Mnthly Mrch 2005 ; dptd frm hs bk, Prvlg: Hrvrd nd th dctn f th Rlng Clss</rf>
Ntbl lmn
S ls
xtrnl lnks
Rfrncs
Frthr rdng
- blmnn, Wltr H., d. Th Hrvrd-MT Dvsn f Hlth Scncs nd Tchnlgy: Th Frst 25 Yrs, 1970-1995 (2004). 346 pp.
- Bthll, Jhn T.; Hnt, Rchrd M.; nd Shntn, Rbrt. Hrvrd t Z (2004). 396 pp. th bst gd xcrpt nd txt srch
- Hrvrd . dctn, Brcks nd Mrtr: Hrvrd Bldngs nd Thr Cntrbtn t th dvncmnt f Lrnng (1949) nln dtn
- Jms, Hnry. Chrls W. lt: Prsdnt f Hrvrd nvrsty, 1869-1909 (1930) nln dtn
- Kllr, Mrtn. Mkng Hrvrd Mdrn: Th Rs f mrc's nvrsty (2001), mjr hstry cvrs 1933 t 2002 nln dtn
- lrch, Lrl Thtchr, d. Yrds nd Gts: Gndr n Hrvrd nd Rdclff Hstry (2004). 337 pp.
- Wrght, Cnrd dck. Rvltnry Gnrtn: Hrvrd Mn nd th Cnsqncs f ndpndnc (2005). 298 pp.